Biology I-Semester 2 Final 22-23

Covers LTs. 4.3: Explain the process of bacterial reproduction, 5.1: Model the process of meiosis and discuss how it begins, and how this process leads to genetic variation, and 6.2: Model how organisms make proteins from their genetic code (Transcription & Translation).

What is sexual reproduction of bacteria called?

Conjugation

Is binary fission sexual or asexual?

Asexual

Does asexual reproduction make identical or genetically different cells?

Identical

Bacteria do mitosis, true or false?

False

Conjugation creates more cells, true or false?

False

What is the name of the structure that is built to another cell during conjugation?

Pilus

What do binary fission and mitosis have in common?

Identical cells, makes two cells

What are two advantages of asexual reproduction?

Fast, less energy

What shape is the bacterial chromosome?

Circular

How many cells are created in binary fission?

Two

How many cells are created in conjugation?

Zero

What two processes do bacteria do to reproduce?

Binary fission and conjugation

What is one thing that conjugation and binary fission have in common?

Bacteria do it

What type of reproduction creates 4 daughter cells?

Sexual reproduction

When homologous chromosomes are being separated, what phase is that?

Anaphase I

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase I

What process that involves egg and sperm eventually will happen to create a diploid organism?

Fertilization

If diploid is a full set of chromosomes, what is haploid?

Half the chromosomes/one set of chromosomes

When homologous pairs are separated, and the cell membrane is beginning to pinch together, what phase is that?

Telophase I

When homologous chromosomes swap pieces of DNA, what is that called?

Crossing over

When there are two genetically identical daughter cells, is that sexual or asexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction

When sister chromatids are being separated, and there are two cells present, what phase is that?

Anaphase II

What is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell called?

Karyotype

If a karyotype has sex chromosomes, is that sexual or asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction

How many cells are made at the end of meiosis?

Four

What is the scientific term for sex cells?

Gametes

If the haploid number of chromosomes is 14, what is the diploid number?

28

What is the entire purpose of meiosis?

Create genetically different cells/offspring

What is a pair of replicated, similar chromosomes from mom and dad called?

Homologous pair

Does meiosis create genetically different or genetically identical offspring?

Different

What is it called during Metaphase I when homologous chromosomes line up randomly?

Independent assortment

What phase is this?

Anaphase 1

* homologous pairs are being pulled apart

What phase is this?

Anaphase II

* sister chromatids are being pulled apart

What phase is this?

Cytokinesis I

* two cells are finally separated -nucleus is reforming

What phase is this?

Interphase

* DNA is in chromatin form -The nucleus is fully intact

What phase is this?

Metaphase I

* Homologous pairs are lined up in the middle of the cell

What phase is this?

Metaphase II

* Sister chromatids are lined up in the middle of the cell

What phase is this?

Prophase I

* DNA is condensing to chromosomes
* Crossing over happens
* Spindle fibers are forming
* Nucleus is going away

What phase is this?

Prophase II

* Nucleus is going away
* DNA is condensing to chromosomes

What phase is this?

Telophase I

* Cells are starting to split
* 1 cell going to 2
* Can see a cleavage furrow

What phase is this?

Telophase II

* Cells are starting to split
* 2 cells going to 4
* Can see a cleavage furrow

If a DNA strand is TAC what will the mRNA strand be?

AUG

Which happens first, transcription or translation?

Transcription

What is the end product of transcription?

mRNA

What is a codon?

A group of 3 nucleotides on mRNA

Where does translation occur?

Cytoplasm

What does tRNA do?

Brings in amino acids

What is the end product of translation?

Protein

What molecule has an anticodon?

tRNA

How can you tell the beginning of a gene on DNA?

TAC

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus

TRUE OR FALSE Methionine (Met) signals the end of an mRNA sequence.

FALSE- it codes for the start

What are the types of RNA that participate in translation?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Why can't DNA leave the nucleus?

Could get damaged

What is the final product of translation?

Protein

What structure does mRNA leave through after transcription?

Nuclear pore

What is the name of the tool you use to find the amino acid based on the mRNA codon?

Codon table

What is responsible for reading the mRNA strand?

A ribosome (rRNA)

What two processes is mRNA involved in?

Transcription, Translation

Going from DNA to mRNA is what process?

Transcription

Going from mRNA to a protein is what process?

Translation

What is the monomer of a protein?

Amino Acids