biology exam 3

#senioritis

rhizoid

Bryophyte rhizoids do not have vascular tissue and are used only for anchoring

hyphae

connected filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

gametophyte

In a species with alternation of generations, the gametophyte is the haploid phase that produces gametes via mitosis

sporophyte

In a species with alternation of generations, the sporophyte is the diploid phase that produces haploid spores by meiosis.

xylem

Vascular tissue in some plants which conducts water and minerals up from the roots.

phloem

Vascular tissue in some plants which distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic compounds throughout the plant

lignin

Lignin is a polymer used in the cell walls of xylem, which makes the cells stronger and helps support the plants.

leaf

primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

differences between plants and fungi

Plants use cellulose for their cell walls; fungi use chitin

most plants are autotrophs; fungi are heterotrophs

alternation of generations

process where the life cycle of a species alternates between two separate multicellular organisms. The multicellular gametophyte stage is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis. Gametes fuse together (fertilization) and create a zygote, which grows (via mitosis) into a multicellular sporophyte. The mature sporophyte then produces haploid spores by meiosis. These spores can grow into the multicellular gametophyte organism.

bryophytes’ dominant life phase

haploid gametophyte

gymnosperms’ dominant life phase

diploid sporophyte

distinguishing characteristics of bryophytes

don’t have leaves or vascular tissue

angiosperms are different from gymnosperms bc of which characteristic

angiosperms have flowers

difference between septate fungi and coenocytic fungi

septate fungi have septa divisions between individual cells allowing cytoplasm and organelles to move btw cells; coenocytic fungi don’t have divisions between cell

plasmogamy

Plasmogamy is the fusion of two gametes where the cytoplasm of the two cells is joined into one, but the two cellular nuclei remain separate.

karyogamy

the subsequent fusion of the nuclei into a single nucleus after plasmogamy

ecological roles played by fungi

decomposers (recycle decaying matter or organisms), mutualists

are plants alive?

short answer is no.

fungi food source

heterotrophs (relies on other organisms for food)

plants food source

autotrophs (make’s its own food)

fungi cell wall material

chitin

plant cell wall material

cellulose

do fungi have a central vacuole

no

do plants have a central vacuole

yes

what is the connection between fungi cells

septa or coenocytic

what is the connection between plant cells

plasmodesmata

do fungi or animals have chloroplasts

no

are animals autotrophs or heterotrohps

heterotrophs

animals’ feeding method

ingestion

plants/fungi feeding method

ingestion

what 3 characteristics differentiate animals from plants/fungi?

intercellular collagen, directed movement, blastula embryonic stage

blastula

A stage in the development of an animal embryo consisting of a hollow ball of cells

larva

A sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct (i.e. that has a different body shape) from the adult.

tissue

A sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct (i.e. that has a different body shape) from the adult.

radial symmetry

Capable of being divided into two mirror images by any imaginary plane through the central axis

bilateral

Capable of being divided into divided into mirror image right and left sides by one imaginary plane through the central axis.

dorsal

the top or back surface of an animal

ventral

the bottom or belly surface of an animal

anterior

the front an animal (side of head)

posterior

the rear of an animal

marsupial

a type of mammal where embryonic development is completed inside a maternal pouch

filter feeder

marine animals that draw water into their bodies and then strain the water in some manner to trap plankton or other food particles (sponges, baleen whales)

why is the jellyfish’s life cycle different from alt of generations?

the whole life cycle is diploid except for the single-celled gametes

describe flatworms

do not have an interior body cavity; they are thin enough that they can exchange gases and wastes directly with the environment

describe annelids

segmented, with exterior bodies that appear to be a fused series of rings

describe nematodes

have a hard outer cuticle made of chitin

3 features of mollusks

foot, visceral mass, mantle

primary distinguishing features of arthropods

have legs, exoskeleton of chitin, and open circulatory system (although molluscs also have the last one)

incomplete metamorphosis

the larval stage resembles the adult form, but has different proportions and lacks wings. (basically missing larval stage)

complete metamorphosis

the larval stage is very different from the adult stage. The larval stage is specialized for eating and growing, while the adult stage is specialized for travel and reproduction.

sharks, rays, and skates have skeletons made of what?

cartilage

ecology

the study of how organisms interact with their environment

population

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

community

a group of populations of different species living in the same area.

ecosystem

A community of organisms and their physical environment

biome

A major, distinctive zone where organism live, characterized by the dominant vegetation (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes).

climate

Long-term prevailing patterns in weather, temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

photic zone

The upper region of an aquatic biome, where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis.

abyssal zone

The deepest open water of a marine biome, at a depth of 2,000 meters or more below sea level

estuary

The area of transition from a river to the ocean

food web

The interconnected trophic levels between populations in an ecosystem.

trophic level

The position an organism occupies within a food chain (which is the upward transfer of energy from producers to highest-level consumers