Grade 8 history CAPS

What was the Industrial Revolution?

A period when machines began to replace hand tools in manufacturing.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Britain.

What invention powered machines during the Industrial Revolution?

The steam engine.

What is urbanisation?

The growth of cities as people move from rural areas for work.

Why were factories built near coal mines?

Because coal was needed to power steam engines.

Who invented the steam engine?

James Watt.

What was the main industry at the start of the Industrial Revolution?

Textile industry.

What was child labour?

When children were made to work in factories or mines.

What is mass production?

Making large amounts of goods quickly and cheaply.

What is capitalism?

An economic system where businesses are privately owned for profit.

What did the Mineral Revolution refer to?

The discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa.

When and where were diamonds discovered?

In 1867 at Kimberley.

When and where was gold discovered?

In 1886 on the Witwatersrand.

Who was Cecil John Rhodes?

A British businessman who made his fortune in diamonds.

What company did Cecil John Rhodes found?

De Beers.

What was the compound system?

A way of housing and controlling African mine workers.

What were pass laws?

Laws that restricted the movement of African workers.

Why did cities like Johannesburg grow quickly?

Because of mining and job opportunities.

What was migratory labour?

When workers travelled from rural areas to mines and lived in compounds.

What did the Scramble for Africa mean?

When European countries divided Africa among themselves.

When was the Berlin Conference held?

1884 - 1885.

Why was the Berlin Conference important?

Europe divided Africa without African input.

What is colonialism?

When one country controls another politically and economically.

What is imperialism?

Expanding a country's power through colonisation.

Which European powers colonised Africa?

Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany.

Who was King Leopold II?

The Belgian king who ruled the Congo harshly for rubber and ivory.

What was African resistance?

African efforts to fight European control.

Which African kingdom resisted the British invasion?

The Zulu Kingdom.

What was the effect of new borders drawn by Europeans?

Ethnic groups were split and conflicts increased.

What was exploitation in Africa?

The unfair use of Africa's people and resources.

What were colonies?

Lands controlled by foreign powers.

What does legacy of colonialism mean?

Long-term effects of colonisation still seen today.

When did World War I begin and end?

1914 to 1918.

What event started World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Name the two sides in World War I.

Allied Powers and Central Powers.

Which countries were part of the Allied Powers?

Britain, France, Russia, and later the USA.

Which countries were part of the Central Powers?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

What is trench warfare?

Fighting from deep trenches on the Western Front.

What was No Man's Land?

The area between opposing trenches.

Name one new weapon used in World War I.

Machine guns, poison gas, or tanks.

What was propaganda?

Posters or messages used to influence public opinion.

What treaty ended World War I?

The Treaty of Versailles.

What organisation was formed after the war to keep peace?

The League of Nations.

What is an armistice?

An agreement to stop fighting.

What role did South Africa play in World War I?

South African soldiers fought for Britain in Africa and Europe.