movements in architecture - test 1

gobekli tepe

located in modern day turkey; the first ritual site

extremely massive features, solid, megalith t-stones, circular in nature

catal huyuk

features: shared walls, cemeteries within the structures, wooden roofs and stucco finishes

offered protection from the world

stonehenge

located in england and curated 3000-2000 BC; utilizes the post and lintel system

djoser/zoser pyramid

curated in early dynastic egypt; this structure influences the idea of pyramids later on

known as a stepped pyramid - utilized for the dead; made out of limestone, instead of mudbricks which were typical of mastabas

ziggurat at ur

from ancient babylon and assyria

features: rectangular structures in which each level’s size decrease as you move up vertically, a central axis/staircase, and side angles

queen hatshepsut’s mortuary temple

located in the mountain ranges of thebes, in the west bank of the nile river

features a similar central axis to the ziggurats, but also has clerestory windows and a hypostyle hall; adorned with carvings and the like

temple at karnak

located in egypt; ranging from 2055 BC - 100 AD

features grand processional ways, obelisks, and babylonian or mesopotamian features (square like, cubic, etc.)

temple at abu simbel - colossal statues of ramses ii

located in egypt; in the mountains - the statues pictures span abt 72 ft

palace of knossos at crete

palace of king minos; located in crete

features huge, central structures built with stone and stained with reds, ocures, and blues (think frescoes) here

queen’s megaron and bull leaping frescos

la venta and the monumental head statue

curated by the olmec people in mesoamerica - architecture featured a lot of glazed brick in patterned, tile pathways; the presence of mounds correlate to the need to decorate

partthenon

located in athens, greece; can be entered in from anywhere

features include a fully columnated, single gabled roof with pediments on the front and back; has doric columns, of which are fluted and have block capitals

erechtheion

a greek structure - utilizes caryatids, columns that are statues of the human figure - in this case, they are women captured from babel

babylonian ishtar gate

from ancient babylon - whose architecture featured glazed brick in its heavily gated walls

this structure utilized the lapis lazuli as inspiration and showed motifs of gods along the wall - highlighted the city’s wealth

the roman forum and tabularium

the center of life in roman civilization - first developed for military defense and efficiency, this city landscape had integrated civil services with innovative ways to move water through aqueducts

it featured the records office, curated in 78 BC in the area - set the tone for other tribute columns to be there

maison caree

pantheon

roman colosseum

arch of constantine

baths at carcalla

teotihuacan - temple of quetzalcoatl and talaloc

ajanta caves

chaitya hall

taq-i kisra in ctesiphon

theodoric the great’s ravenna baptistery

hagia sophia

located in istanbul and was curated by justinian i; a greek orthodox church that becomes a mosque

features a mix of biblical and islamic motifs; features a large central dome that lies on a pendentive system, giant buttresses for support, ribbed and vaulted ceilings, lots of gold

hanyuan hall

from the tang dynasty in imperial china; such is the layout of the emperor’s house and consists of three great halls

features a central entryway, high platforms, covered walkways, and lots of wooden post and lintel systems that would support the curved roofs

torii

traditional japanese gates that would lead to the entrance of shinto shrines - could be wooden or stone

horyuji temple

located in nara, japan; the only surviving buddhist monastery that has remained untouched in the area

contains a five story pagoda, a fully columnated walkway with gates, a chumon or main entryway, and the kondo, which is the main hall - in this case, the structures, though wooden, survived; also, has a kodo - which was used for meeting

the great mosque at cordoba

dome of the rock

located in jerusalem and curated between 687-691 AD; established where the first temple was built

features an octagonal structure with a central dome - which is supported by squinches, a golden dome, patterned and mosaic, has no figures within the structure

mayan temple of the magicians

step wells

elaborate structures that would hold water during the rainy season - instituted during the rajput kingdoms (800-1000 AD) and commissioned mainly by women

this is subterranean architecture that is multi-stoned, some may have wheels or pulley systems

the iron pagoda

developed by the song dynastic period (960-1279 AD) in china; located in kaifeng

features 104 working bells, an octagonal structure that utilizes dugong bracketing and glazed tiles, and is a wooden structure

lakshmana temple

developed by the chandella dynasty (950-1025 AD) as one of the many temples built during their reign.

featured high platforms; tall, mount

ain like images, and was designed to be a model of the universe - and has an east to west entrance layout

phoenix hall

located in byodo-in, japan - marks a new religious shift, where others can practice aristocracy buddhist principles without living in a monastery

shaped similarly to a phoenix using ‘flying’ eaves, uses lots of water in its design, and has dougong joints - made up of bamboo and terracotta

canterbury cathedral

located in england; looks gothic but mainly due to remodeling; uses wider buttressing that turns into flying buttresses

santiago de compostela

located in santiago, spain; a pilgrim site

features lots of carvings and begins off really romanesque, but the arches present start to point little by little; features the roman portals and has a trumeau

pisa cathedral

located in pisa, italy; an extremely classical structure

features bell towers and baptistry, white marbling with alternating colors, and doming

acroterion

blocks or flat pedestals resting on the apex and on the lowest ends of the triangular pediment to support statues or carved ornaments

aisle

the portion of a church or basilica that parallels or encircles major sections; longitudinal divisions of a church

apse

a semicircular or polygonal projection of a building, usually vaulted and used especially at the sanctuary or the east end of a church to define the space for an altar - where the auditor speaks

ambulatory

an aisle encircling the end of the choir or chancel of a church, originally used for processions

archivolt

one of the parallel curved, and often decorated, mouldings on the inside of an arched opening; an arch set immediately inside a larger arch; a band or moulding that surrounds an arch

barrel vault

a vault having a semicircular cross-section

coffer

any of a number of recessed, usually square or octagonal panels in a ceiling, soffit, or vault

clerestory

the uppermost section of a gothic nave characterized by a series of large windows rising above adjacent rooftops to admit daylight to the interior

caldarium

the room in an ancient roman bath containing hot water

caryatid

a sculpted female figure used as a column, especially in ancient greece

cella

latin for the greek word naos; the principal chamber or enclosed part of a classical temple where the cult image was kept

caitya hall

a buddhist shrine in india, usually carved out of solid rock on a hillside, having the form of an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end

catenary arch

the curve formed when a chain of uniform density hangs

chandela

a hindu dynastic family from 950 - 1025 AD - responsible for the construction of over 80 temples, like the lakshmana and the khandariya mahadera

chumon

the middle gate between the main gate and the sacred area of a buddhist temple

dougong joint

a bracket system used in traditional chinese construction to support roof beams, project the eaves outward, and support the interior ceiling

frigidarium

the room in an ancient roman bath containing unheated water

frieze

the horizontal part of a classical entablature between the cornice and architrave, often decorated with sculpture in low relief; a decorative band, as one along the top of an interior wall immediately below the cornice, or a sculpted one in a stringcourse on an outside wall

fluting

a decorative motif consisting of a series of long, rounded parallel grooves, like those on the shaft of a classical column

groin vault

a compound vault formed by the perpendicular intersection of two vaults, forming arched diagonal arrises called groins

garbhagriya

translated as the ‘womb chamber’ - the innermost sanctum of a hindu temple where the main deity resides

hypostyle hall

of or pertaining to a hall having many rows of columns carrying the roof or ceiling; a grand meeting room with columns - the central ones being higher to allow light opening for light entrance

hieroglyphics

a stylized picture or an object representing a word, syllable, or sound, as found in ancient egyptian and other writing systems

impluvium

the sunken part of the atrium in a greek or roman house

kodo

a lecture hall in japanese architecture

kiva

a square-walled underground chamber used by native americans for spiritual ceremonies

lintel

a beam supporting the weight above a door or window opening

loculi

translated as ‘little place’ - an architectural compartment or niche that houses a body, as in a catacomb, hypogeum, mausoleum, or other place of entombment

minoan

a pre-greek civilization - located on the sea and their architecture, through aquatic-inspired frescos, highlights that; named after king minos

mingtang

‘bright hall,’ a ritual structure in chinese architecture that serves as the symbolic center of imperial power - first presumed to have been built under the zhou dynasty in the first millennium

megaron

a building or semi-independent unit of a building typically having a rectangular principal chamber with a center hearth and a porch, often of columns in antis - traditional in greece since mycenaean times and believed to be the ancestor of the doric temple

minaret

a lofty, slender tower attached to a mosque with stairs leading up to one or more projecting balconies from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer

mihrab

a niche or decorative panel in a mosque designating the qibla

muqarnas

a system of decoration in islamic architecture created by the intricate corbeling of brackets, squinches, and inverted pyramids - sometimes wrought in stone, it is more often found in plaster

mandapa

a large, porchlike hall leading to the sanctuary of a hindu or jain temple and used for religious dancing and music

nave

the principal or central part of a church extending from the narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked by aisles

narthex

the portico before the nave of an early christian or byzantine church, appropriate for penitents; and entrance hall or vestibule leading to the nave of a church

oculus

a circular opening, especially one at the crown of a dome

pediment

the low-pitched gable enclosed by the horizontal and raking cornices of a greek or roman temple; a similar or derivative element used to surmount the major division of a facade or crown an opening

post

the vertical columns that support the lintels in a structure

peristyle

a colonnade surrounding a building or a courtyard

portico

a porch or walkway with a roof supported by columns, often leading to the entrance of a building

pendentive

a spherical triangle forming the transition from the circular plan of a dome to the polygonal plan of its supporting structure

pagoda

a buddhist temple in the form of a square or polygonal tower with roofs, projecting from each of its many stories, erected as a memorial or to hold relics

purlin

a longitudinal member of a roof frame for supporting common rafters between the ridge and eaves

quibla

the direction toward which muslims face to pray, specifically the ka’aba at mecca in saudi arabia; the wall in a mosque in which the mihrab is set, oriented to mecca

stylobate

a course of a masonry forming the foundation for a new row of columns, especially the outermost colonnade of a classical temple

squinch

an arch or corbelling built across the upper inside corner of a square tower to support the side of a superimposed octagonal structure

shikhara

the tower of a hindu temple, usually tapered convexly and capped by an amalaka

tympanum

the recessed triangular space enclosed by the horizontal and raking cornices of a triangular pediment, often decorated with sculpture; a similar space between an arch and the horizontal head of a door or window below

triumphial arch

a memorial arch commemorating the return of a victorious army, usually in the line of march during its triumphal procession

tabularium

located in ancient roman cities - the records office that held state archives and bronze tablets of laws; curated in 78 BC

tepidarium

a room of moderately warm temperature in an ancient roman bath between the frigidarium and the caldarium

talud/tablero

the sloping panel beneath the rectangular panel in mexican architecture

torii

derived from torana - the gateway in japanese architecture

trumeau

a section of wall or a pillar between two openings, especially a pillar dividing a large doorway in a church

voussoir

any of the wedge-shaped units in a masonry arch or vault that has side cuts that converge at one of the arch centers