Phyl 141 ( Exam 2 )

Articular Cartilage

Protects the ends of the bones

Fat Pads

Protects the Cartilage

Ligaments

- Support the Joints
- Connect the bones to other bones

Bursa

- " Purses " of synovial fluid that cushion and reduce friction

3 types of Dynamic Motion

- Linear Movement (Gliding)
- Angular Movement
- Rotation

Gliding Joints

Sternoclavicular

Angular Movement

Hemeroulnar

Monaxial

1 axis

Biaxial

2 axes

Triaxial

3 axes

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right

Frontal/Coronal

Divides the body into front and back

Horizontal/Transverse Plane

Divides the body in half: Superior and inferior parts

Biaxial Movement

Metacarpophalangeal

Triaxial Movement

Acetabulofemoral

Saddle Joint

Metacarpotrapezial

Metacarpophalangeal Abduction

Fingers spread

Metacarpophalangeal Adduction

Fingers together

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at the ankle joint and the elevation of the sole

Protraction

Moving a body part anteriorly

Superior Rectus

Moves your eye up

Lateral Rectus

Moves eye left/right

Medial Rectus

Moves eye left/right

Inferior Rectus

Moves eye down

What happens during the power stroke?

The thin filaments slide toward the M line.

Which of the following is an example of an isometric contraction?

Holding a heavy stack of books above the ground

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the motor end plate of the muscle cell membrane?

Increasing the permeability to Na+, causing Na+ to diffuse into the muscle cell

All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a __________.

motor Unit

The neurotransmitter required to trigger skeletal muscle contraction is __________.

Acetylcholine ( ACh )

Why is control over leg muscles LESS precise than control over the muscles of the eye?

Many muscle fibers are controlled by a single motor neuron.

How does the release of calcium ions from the terminal cisterns initiate contraction?

It triggers the binding of myosin to actin.

What causes the myosin head to reenergize itself once the power stroke has occurred?

The myosin head splits a fresh ATP molecule.

What happens when multiple stimuli are applied to a muscle fiber and tension production is gradually increasing?

Wave summation

The process of complete tetanus is reached by __________.

increasing the rate of stimulation until the relaxation phase is completely eliminated

Excitation-contraction coupling forms the link between __________.

Electrical activity in the sarcolemma and the initiation of the contraction

What is happening during the contraction phase of a single twitch?

The muscle is producing tension.

A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in __________.

incomplete tetanus

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