medieval europe: all cards

when was the Magna Carta signed?

June 15, 1215.

who was forced to sign the Magna Carta?

King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta.

what is one significant impact of the Magna Carta?

influenced the development of constitutional law and limited government

what institution did the Magna Carta help establish?

helped lay the groundwork for the establishment of Parliament.

the Magna Carter =

the Great Charter

bubonic, pneumonic, septicaemic

the three types of plagues

Yersinia pestis

a bacteria; the cause of the disease

rat flea

the organism which is first infected by the bacteria

rats

the organism which is infected second

origin

541CE - Constantinople, capital of the Byzatine Empire and the largest city in the world

symptoms - bubonic

• swollen lymbh nodes (buboes)

• high fever

• pain

• coughing

• vomiting blood

• black dots over body

likelihood of death - bubonic

30-70%

spread - bubonic

human ➡ human

symptoms - pneumonic

• coughing up blood

• fever

• headache

likelihood of death - pneumonic

90-95%. lived 2-4 days

spread - pneumonic

human ➡human (droplets coughed from the lungs of the infected, common in cold regions, extremely contagious)

causes of the black death

bitten by fleas, contamination of bodily fluids, poor hygeine

consequences

decline in population (approx. 1/3-2/3), loss of faith in the church, increased faith in God, peasants could ask for more pay

symptoms - septicaemic

• bleeding

• organ faliure

• fever

• internal bleeding ➡skin turned dark purple

• see blood through the skin

likelihood of death - septicaemic

100%

spread- septicaemic

least common, most deadly, blood was infected by the bacterium, infection prevented body from forming blood clots (which would heal)

general role

protected from invasions, established power, home to nobility and peasants, built quickly, strong lines of defence

motte and bailey

• quick to put up

• easy to repair

• big enough to house soldiers

• had advantage height

motte and bailey

• wood is weak (rot, burn)

• motte can collapse with weight of castle

• not big enough to house big troops

stone keep

• stone lasts longer

• can build taller castle

• walls are thicker and strong

• larger than motte and bailey

• difficult to attack (size)

stone keep

• enemy can go around it

• starve you out

• tunnel underneath

concentric castles

• built to last

• large, strong

• could be defended easily

concentric castle

• takes time to build

drawbridge

moveable bridge over moat; attached to gatehouse

moat

a ‘depression’ surrounding a fortification (castle, city, wall)

murder holes

holes in walls in which defenders pour or throw harmful substances through e.g., hot sand, scalding water, rocks, arrow, bowling oil

portcullis

a heavy castled door or gate made of metal strips

barbican

a fortified outpost/gateway

arrow slits

a narrow slit in a wall where archers can launch arrows

gatehouse

a strong, fortified building positioned to defend the entrance to a castle

structure of the church

pope, bishops, priests

wealth of the church

rich and powerful, everyone gave tithes (taxes), didn’t have to pay tax to king, wealthy people gave land

pilgrimages

spiritual journies holy sites

monasticism

a religious way of life, commit their lives to serving God

monastries

centres of learning, education, literature, hospitals

exocommunication

a religious act used to suspend membership in a religious community. it was believed that if you didn’t go to church, you would burn in hell after you died

tithes

10% of a person’s earnings

penances

paid money to the Churh to forgive your sins

levels of the system

King, Tenants in Cheif (barons/bishops), Knights (under-tenants), Peasants

definition

social hierarchy structure used during Medieval England; a way to orgnaise society

fief

a piece of land on loan from the king

divine right

a right give to a king by God to rule a country

bishop

a high-ranking member of the Catholic Church

hierachy

a system of ranking in order of power/importance

main idea

service for land

benefits

helped protect peasants from attacks and ensured they had food and clothing

disadvantages

controlling and restricted freedom

👑king

top leader; claimed all of the land and held it through ‘divine right’; divided it up between nobles; was pledged loyalty and soldiers

🏰nobles (tenants in chief)

barons and bishops; reported to the king and very powerful; in return for ‘fiefs’ they were loyal; governed the land given; fight in war; pay taxes; gave some land to knights

⚔knights

lesser nobles; loyalty to tenants in chief and king; divided land to peasants (protected them and recieve crops in the form of taxes)

🌱peasants

hard life; some were free (10% could be blacksmiths, bakers, etc.); serfs were slaves; couldn’t leave the land; pledged to their local lord; worked long days

the 4 claimants

Harold Hardrada, Harlod Godwinson, Edgar the Atheling, William Duke of Normandy

Edgar the Atheling

✅closest blood relative

❌only 14

Harald Hardrada

✅strong warrior

❌has to invade

William Duke of Normandy

✅apparently promised the throne

❌has to invade

Harold Godwinson

✅rich and powerful Earl

✅apparently promised the throne

❌his family killed Edward’s brother

Harold Godwinson

seized the throne after his death; last Saxon king

Harald Hardrada

sailed to England to invade but was killed by Godwinson

the Battle of Hastings

French duke - William - invaded England and was successful in killing Godwinson

changes made to England

• English nobilty ➡ French

• language changes as it mixed with Norman French

• new styles of architecture (cathedrals and churches)

• Fuedal system to help with control

• increased cultural ties, especially with France

population

1 ½ million people

work of commoners

nearly everyone worked on the land

governance

Edward the Confessor; had a shaky rein and little power

defence

not well defended, and guarded by small hills called ‘embankments’

political connections

closer with Scandanavia, Denmark and Norway than the rest of Europe

earldoms

regions of England ruled by earls (nobility); many small villages

religion

belonged to Roman Catholic Church