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US Neutrality Acts 35, 36
in 1930s prohibiting export of arms or ammunition from US
“Cash and Carry” agreement (37, 39)
(37) allowed sale of nonmilitary goods internationally as longa s they were paid for in cash and used own ships, (39) replaced 37, allowed sale of military goods by same sale agreements as 37
Destroyer Deal
agreement between US and Britain, US gave navy destroyers and britain gave land rights on british posessions
Selective Service Act/Conscription Act
required all men of ages 21
Lend
Lease Program
Evian Conference
discussion of national leaders about Jewish refugees, only one country allowed any refugess to seek assylum (Dominican Republic)
Wagner Bill
proposed bill to accept 20,000 more Jewish immigrants from Germany, was not passed
S.S. St. Louis
ship from Germany to Cuba exporting persecuted Jewish immigrants but they were refused so they sailed more and Hamburg offered countries in Europea $ to compensate people on the ship, many ended up in concentration camps after returning to europe
Atlantic Charter
declaration between FDR and Churchill that said they were allied if joining war and what their vision of what the postwar political world was like
Four Freedom’s Speech
four essential human freedoms, rally country if entering war
Embargo Act, Japan
fear of japanese attack, US embargo on oil to Japan
Pearl Harbor & FDR Speech
Japan launched a suprise bombing on navy base in pearl harbor, day of infamy speech and declared war
War Refugee Board 1944
gov agency tasked with organization of immigrants after the war
FDR
elected president for four terms, mostly served during GD and WW2
Harry S. Truman
FRD’s vp and took over when he died in 1945
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
major WW2 general
General Douglas MacArthur
commanded southwest pacific theater in ww2
Eleanor Roosevelt
first lady for over three terms and head of Human Rights committee in
Eastern Front
generally fought by USSR (for allies) and on east side of Gernamy
Western Front
generally fought by Britain, US, and France (and other allies) on western gernamy
Pacific Front
fought in Pacific ocean w/ Japan
D-Day
planned military invasion in Germany by US, Canada, and Great Britain to liberate France and other European countries from German invasion while Russia attacked Germany from other side, eventual German surrender
Normandy
beach landing of d-day operations
“Island hopping”
military strategy of taking over islands close to Japan to have bases on them to more easily attack Japan from the air
Battles of Coral Sea, Midway
allied victory, started island hopping strategy, stopped japanese advancement, fighting all done by aircraft
Battles of Iwo Jima & Okinawa
Needed airbases suitable for new B
Holocaust
Under the reign of Hitler, mass incarceration of Jewish, disabled, and other “non-aryan” people in Germany and other parts of Europe
Yalta Conference
US, Britain, and USSR (allies) discussed postwar world, knew victory in europe was secured, agreed that USSR would join war against Japan, France would govern part of Germany, and Germany would pay reparations in full, soviets allowed free elections in previous nazi territory
Potsdam Conference
“big three” negotiated terms of end of war, USSR wanted big reparations from Germany but Truman didn’t want a repear of treaty of versailles (angry germany), agreed to demilitarize germany in four allied occupation zones, truman told stalin about successful atomic bombs
Manhattan Project/U.S. Atomic Program
headed by Oppenheimer, was an extremely secret program to develop and atomic bomb to cause Axis powers to surrender, started b/c fear of Germany developing one first
Enrico Fermi
created first nuclear reactor and discoveries helped creation of atomic bomb
J. Robert Oppenheimer
head scientist behind the Manhattan Project
Interim Committee
secret committee advising nuclear energy usage
“Trinity”
Code name for the first detention of the atomic bomb in New Mexico
Hiroshima
first Japanese city to be bombed by an atomic bomb
Nagasaki
second Japanese city to be bombed by an atomic bomb b/c Japan not surrendering
Unconditional surrender
the Allies would not stop fighting the Axis powers until they unconditionally surrendered meaning they had no bargaining rights in surrender
United Nations
formation of countries after WW2 in attempts to unite them
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
developed by a committee in the UN, is a guiding international document for human rights
Nuremberg Trials
international war crime trials, new idea that leaders or states could be held accountable by the rest of the world for aggression towards other nations or their own people, birthed the Nuremberg principles which are formal treaties and informal principles explaining war crimes
Smith
Connally Act
“Double V”
Black participants in WW2 wanted a double victory; one victory in the war for the US and one victory for anti
Bracero Program
the US wanted Mexicans to come to the US in 1940 for temporary work. They did not intend for the Mexicans to become permanent citizens.
Zoot Suit Riot
it was a style, especially among Mexians, to wear big and baggy suits, and this was controversial during the war b/c the extra fabric was wasteful. Mobs of US servicemen attacked people, especially in western states.
Executive Order 9066
forced removal of anyone who could potentially be a security threat, mainly Japanese Americans, to internment camps.
Japanese American Incarceration
mass exodus of Japanese Americans from west coast to internment camps for “national security” reasons (fear of Japanese spies/disloyalty)
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
supreme court ruling that it was a “military necessity” to put people in internment camps not based on race
Women during WWII
women encouraged to work or join the war, became nurses, joined army corps, war bonds (gov debt to fund war), victory gardens, factory jobs, etc.
WPB
war production board, made sure factories got enough materials to produce wartime goods
OPA
Office of Price Administration, make ceiling prices on goods, limit consumption by rationing
NWLB
National War Labor Board, deal with labor disputes that limited production
WLDA
War Labor Disputes Act, allow president to seize war plants when strikes interfered with production of essential goods
Tuskegee Airmen
troop of black men mainly not allowed to fight, segregated troops,
Navajo Code Talkers
tribe of Native Americans used for their language for a code that was interpreted and translated by them, not broken at all during the war
Soviet
controlled governments in Eastern Europe
Truman Doctrine
offered military and financial assistance to anyone under threat of communist attack/rule
National Security Act
mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the, created useful institutions to help Truman foreign policy
National Security Council
help assist president on foreign policy decisions/actions
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency, government foreign fact gathering
NSC
68
George Kennan & containment policy
foreign service officer started the idea of containment, not allowing the spread of communism
Marshall Plan
plan to send money to recently liberated western European countries to prevent the Soviet Union from controlling them and making them communist.
Berlin Crisis 1948
49/Berlin Airlift
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization developed under Truman to provide collective security from the Soviet Union.
Decolonization around the world
britain was weakened by war and had to give up many colonies, made political control important to US (democracy) and soviets (communism)
Israel from British
controlled mandate
Revolution in China
1949
Korean War
communist north started attacking south, US aided south and backed north into china so they joined the war, ended in a stalemate with communist north and anti communist south
General Douglas MacArthur
general in Korean war but spoke badly of truman’s korean war policy so he was removed from command
38th Parallel
generally marks the agreed upon border between north and south korea
“Baby boom” generation
US finally having economic security after war so many young families had a lot of kids in the 1950s
Suburbs
growth of suburbs with baby boom and highway system
Levittowns
housing program for residential neighborhoods to appeal to growing middle class. Designed for the growing automobile industry.
FHA and “redlining”
discriminatory pricing of areas based on racial composition, Federal Housing Administration made color coded maps which became baseline for pricing/home value
Wages and standard of living
postwar economic boom, higher wages and better standard of life, middle class doubled, 60% considered middle class, 90% owned television set, most owned cars, era of consumption
Taft-Hartley Act 1947
prohibited union only work environments and restricted labors right to strike + use of union funds for political purposes (R controlled congress)
GI Bill
gave veterans money and loans for housing, college, and farms (mainly white people benefitted)
Joseph McCarthy
seeked political popularity/clout by claiming he knew of communists in the federal government, fabricated and manipulated evidence and ruined many lives. Eventually shut down by the federal government.
“Red Scare”
fear of communism taking over US gov, Communist Control Act in August 1954 declared communist party is banned and is a conspiracy to overthrow the government eventually declared unconstitutional, so much speculation and loose declarations of how to determine a communist
HUAC
House Un
Richard Nixon
budding congressman at the time, used anticommunism as a tool for popularity, helped win publicity for HUAC
Executive Order No. 9835
passed by Truman, established loyalty boards investigating the communist sympathies of 2.5 million federal employees
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
convicted of leaking info on first atomic bomb to soviets, tried under 1917 espionage act, first american citizens convicted of espionage and sentenced to death during peacetime
Truman’s “Fair Deal”
reelection campaign, everyone in postwar society should have success, improved housing (able to do), full employment, National Health Insurance, higher minimum wage (able to do), better farm price supports
Employment Act 1946
created council of economic advisors for president about economy
Sunbelt
area of southern US that got a lot of sun, became heavily populated with migration post war, suburban lifestyle, and increase in factories
“Modern Republicanism”
aka dynamic conservatism, eisenhower presidential ideals, blended elements of Democratic New Deal ideals and economic and government conservatism (deregulation of business)
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
idea that if one major country with nuclear power attacked another it would destroy both and potentially the world
Brown v Board of Education
supreme court case declaring separate but equal was not actually equal and introduced integration of schools, reversed plessy vs. ferguson
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
civil rights activist
Rosa Parks
civil rights activist, started montgomery bus boycott
Montgomery bus boycott
boycott of bus segregation, ended in supreme court ruling segregation on public buses was unconstitutional
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, created by King, practiced nonviolent resistance as a tactic, attracting press attention, embarrassing the agents of segregation, and promoting racial integration
Little Rock Nine and Federal troops
community and government protests to black students attending a “white” high school in Little Rock, Orval Faubus (governor) mobilized national guard to prevent students from enrolling
“Space race”
rush for US and soviet union to expand into space, fear of the other being able to control space and missile ranges
National Defense Education Act
increased budget for STEM education resources to increase science and technology workforce, under eisenhower
NASA
creation under eisenhower, response to soviets launching sputnik to even space race
National Highway Act
creation under eisenhower to make military convoys less dangerous and more efficient across the country, resulted in migration west
Dr. Spock’s best
selling Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946)
Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique
book helped launch women’s rights movement, domestic sphere expectations and advertisements