Unit 7/8 Terms

US Neutrality Acts 35, 36

in 1930s prohibiting export of arms or ammunition from US

“Cash and Carry” agreement (37, 39)

(37) allowed sale of nonmilitary goods internationally as longa s they were paid for in cash and used own ships, (39) replaced 37, allowed sale of military goods by same sale agreements as 37

Destroyer Deal

agreement between US and Britain, US gave navy destroyers and britain gave land rights on british posessions

Selective Service Act/Conscription Act

required all men of ages 21

Lend

Lease Program

Evian Conference

discussion of national leaders about Jewish refugees, only one country allowed any refugess to seek assylum (Dominican Republic)

Wagner Bill

proposed bill to accept 20,000 more Jewish immigrants from Germany, was not passed

S.S. St. Louis

ship from Germany to Cuba exporting persecuted Jewish immigrants but they were refused so they sailed more and Hamburg offered countries in Europea $ to compensate people on the ship, many ended up in concentration camps after returning to europe

Atlantic Charter

declaration between FDR and Churchill that said they were allied if joining war and what their vision of what the postwar political world was like

Four Freedom’s Speech

four essential human freedoms, rally country if entering war

Embargo Act, Japan

fear of japanese attack, US embargo on oil to Japan

Pearl Harbor & FDR Speech

Japan launched a suprise bombing on navy base in pearl harbor, day of infamy speech and declared war

War Refugee Board 1944

gov agency tasked with organization of immigrants after the war

FDR

elected president for four terms, mostly served during GD and WW2

Harry S. Truman

FRD’s vp and took over when he died in 1945

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

major WW2 general

General Douglas MacArthur

commanded southwest pacific theater in ww2

Eleanor Roosevelt

first lady for over three terms and head of Human Rights committee in

Eastern Front

generally fought by USSR (for allies) and on east side of Gernamy

Western Front

generally fought by Britain, US, and France (and other allies) on western gernamy

Pacific Front

fought in Pacific ocean w/ Japan

D-Day

planned military invasion in Germany by US, Canada, and Great Britain to liberate France and other European countries from German invasion while Russia attacked Germany from other side, eventual German surrender

Normandy

beach landing of d-day operations

“Island hopping”

military strategy of taking over islands close to Japan to have bases on them to more easily attack Japan from the air

Battles of Coral Sea, Midway

allied victory, started island hopping strategy, stopped japanese advancement, fighting all done by aircraft

Battles of Iwo Jima & Okinawa

Needed airbases suitable for new B

Holocaust

Under the reign of Hitler, mass incarceration of Jewish, disabled, and other “non-aryan” people in Germany and other parts of Europe

Yalta Conference

US, Britain, and USSR (allies) discussed postwar world, knew victory in europe was secured, agreed that USSR would join war against Japan, France would govern part of Germany, and Germany would pay reparations in full, soviets allowed free elections in previous nazi territory

Potsdam Conference

“big three” negotiated terms of end of war, USSR wanted big reparations from Germany but Truman didn’t want a repear of treaty of versailles (angry germany), agreed to demilitarize germany in four allied occupation zones, truman told stalin about successful atomic bombs

Manhattan Project/U.S. Atomic Program

headed by Oppenheimer, was an extremely secret program to develop and atomic bomb to cause Axis powers to surrender, started b/c fear of Germany developing one first

Enrico Fermi

created first nuclear reactor and discoveries helped creation of atomic bomb

J. Robert Oppenheimer

head scientist behind the Manhattan Project

Interim Committee

secret committee advising nuclear energy usage

“Trinity”

Code name for the first detention of the atomic bomb in New Mexico

Hiroshima

first Japanese city to be bombed by an atomic bomb

Nagasaki

second Japanese city to be bombed by an atomic bomb b/c Japan not surrendering

Unconditional surrender

the Allies would not stop fighting the Axis powers until they unconditionally surrendered meaning they had no bargaining rights in surrender

United Nations

formation of countries after WW2 in attempts to unite them

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

developed by a committee in the UN, is a guiding international document for human rights

Nuremberg Trials

international war crime trials, new idea that leaders or states could be held accountable by the rest of the world for aggression towards other nations or their own people, birthed the Nuremberg principles which are formal treaties and informal principles explaining war crimes

Smith

Connally Act

“Double V”

Black participants in WW2 wanted a double victory; one victory in the war for the US and one victory for anti

Bracero Program

the US wanted Mexicans to come to the US in 1940 for temporary work. They did not intend for the Mexicans to become permanent citizens.

Zoot Suit Riot

it was a style, especially among Mexians, to wear big and baggy suits, and this was controversial during the war b/c the extra fabric was wasteful. Mobs of US servicemen attacked people, especially in western states.

Executive Order 9066

forced removal of anyone who could potentially be a security threat, mainly Japanese Americans, to internment camps.

Japanese American Incarceration

mass exodus of Japanese Americans from west coast to internment camps for “national security” reasons (fear of Japanese spies/disloyalty)

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

supreme court ruling that it was a “military necessity” to put people in internment camps not based on race

Women during WWII

women encouraged to work or join the war, became nurses, joined army corps, war bonds (gov debt to fund war), victory gardens, factory jobs, etc.

WPB

war production board, made sure factories got enough materials to produce wartime goods

OPA

Office of Price Administration, make ceiling prices on goods, limit consumption by rationing

NWLB

National War Labor Board, deal with labor disputes that limited production

WLDA

War Labor Disputes Act, allow president to seize war plants when strikes interfered with production of essential goods

Tuskegee Airmen

troop of black men mainly not allowed to fight, segregated troops,

Navajo Code Talkers

tribe of Native Americans used for their language for a code that was interpreted and translated by them, not broken at all during the war

Soviet

controlled governments in Eastern Europe

Truman Doctrine

offered military and financial assistance to anyone under threat of communist attack/rule

National Security Act

mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the, created useful institutions to help Truman foreign policy

National Security Council

help assist president on foreign policy decisions/actions

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency, government foreign fact gathering

NSC

68

George Kennan & containment policy

foreign service officer started the idea of containment, not allowing the spread of communism

Marshall Plan

plan to send money to recently liberated western European countries to prevent the Soviet Union from controlling them and making them communist.

Berlin Crisis 1948

49/Berlin Airlift

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization developed under Truman to provide collective security from the Soviet Union.

Decolonization around the world

britain was weakened by war and had to give up many colonies, made political control important to US (democracy) and soviets (communism)

Israel from British

controlled mandate

Revolution in China

1949

Korean War

communist north started attacking south, US aided south and backed north into china so they joined the war, ended in a stalemate with communist north and anti communist south

General Douglas MacArthur

general in Korean war but spoke badly of truman’s korean war policy so he was removed from command

38th Parallel

generally marks the agreed upon border between north and south korea

“Baby boom” generation

US finally having economic security after war so many young families had a lot of kids in the 1950s

Suburbs

growth of suburbs with baby boom and highway system

Levittowns

housing program for residential neighborhoods to appeal to growing middle class. Designed for the growing automobile industry.

FHA and “redlining”

discriminatory pricing of areas based on racial composition, Federal Housing Administration made color coded maps which became baseline for pricing/home value

Wages and standard of living

postwar economic boom, higher wages and better standard of life, middle class doubled, 60% considered middle class, 90% owned television set, most owned cars, era of consumption

Taft-Hartley Act 1947

prohibited union only work environments and restricted labors right to strike + use of union funds for political purposes (R controlled congress)

GI Bill

gave veterans money and loans for housing, college, and farms (mainly white people benefitted)

Joseph McCarthy

seeked political popularity/clout by claiming he knew of communists in the federal government, fabricated and manipulated evidence and ruined many lives. Eventually shut down by the federal government.

“Red Scare”

fear of communism taking over US gov, Communist Control Act in August 1954 declared communist party is banned and is a conspiracy to overthrow the government eventually declared unconstitutional, so much speculation and loose declarations of how to determine a communist

HUAC

House Un

Richard Nixon

budding congressman at the time, used anticommunism as a tool for popularity, helped win publicity for HUAC

Executive Order No. 9835

passed by Truman, established loyalty boards investigating the communist sympathies of 2.5 million federal employees

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

convicted of leaking info on first atomic bomb to soviets, tried under 1917 espionage act, first american citizens convicted of espionage and sentenced to death during peacetime

Truman’s “Fair Deal”

reelection campaign, everyone in postwar society should have success, improved housing (able to do), full employment, National Health Insurance, higher minimum wage (able to do), better farm price supports

Employment Act 1946

created council of economic advisors for president about economy

Sunbelt

area of southern US that got a lot of sun, became heavily populated with migration post war, suburban lifestyle, and increase in factories

“Modern Republicanism”

aka dynamic conservatism, eisenhower presidential ideals, blended elements of Democratic New Deal ideals and economic and government conservatism (deregulation of business)

MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)

idea that if one major country with nuclear power attacked another it would destroy both and potentially the world

Brown v Board of Education

supreme court case declaring separate but equal was not actually equal and introduced integration of schools, reversed plessy vs. ferguson

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

civil rights activist

Rosa Parks

civil rights activist, started montgomery bus boycott

Montgomery bus boycott

boycott of bus segregation, ended in supreme court ruling segregation on public buses was unconstitutional

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, created by King, practiced nonviolent resistance as a tactic, attracting press attention, embarrassing the agents of segregation, and promoting racial integration

Little Rock Nine and Federal troops

community and government protests to black students attending a “white” high school in Little Rock, Orval Faubus (governor) mobilized national guard to prevent students from enrolling

“Space race”

rush for US and soviet union to expand into space, fear of the other being able to control space and missile ranges

National Defense Education Act

increased budget for STEM education resources to increase science and technology workforce, under eisenhower

NASA

creation under eisenhower, response to soviets launching sputnik to even space race

National Highway Act

creation under eisenhower to make military convoys less dangerous and more efficient across the country, resulted in migration west

Dr. Spock’s best

selling Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946)

Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique

book helped launch women’s rights movement, domestic sphere expectations and advertisements