AP Biology Unit 1 Terms

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40 Terms

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Covalent Bonds (non-polar)

Elements share one or more electrons.

<p><span>Elements share one or more electrons.</span></p>
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Covalent Bonds (polar)

Unequal sharing of electrons cause elements to have partial charges that are attracted to opposites.

<p><span>Unequal sharing of electrons cause elements to have partial charges that are attracted to opposites.</span></p>
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Hydrogen Bonds (H-Bonds)

Polar bond specifically with Hydrogen.

<p><span>Polar bond specifically with Hydrogen.</span></p>
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Ionic Bonds

Attraction between oppositely charged atoms causing a transfer of electrons.

<p><span>Attraction between oppositely charged atoms causing a transfer of electrons.</span></p>
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Polar

Molecules have partial charges.

<p><span>Molecules have partial charges.</span></p>
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Non-polar

Molecules don't have partial charges, they equally share electrons (covalent bond) charges.

<p><span>Molecules don't have partial charges, they equally share electrons (covalent bond) charges.</span></p>
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Hydrophilic

Molecules that love water; will point themselves towards water.

<p><span>Molecules that love water; will point themselves towards water.</span></p>
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Hydrophobic

Molecules that hate water; will push themselves towards the middle to "hide" from water.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Molecules that hate water; will push themselves towards the middle to "hide" from water.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
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Cohesion

Ability to stick to each other.

<p><span>Ability to stick to each other.</span></p>
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Adhesion

Ability to stick to other molecules/surfaces.

<p><span>Ability to stick to other molecules/surfaces.</span></p>
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Capillary Action

Allows water to move up the body against gravity.

<p><span>Allows water to move up the body against gravity.</span></p>
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Surface Tension

Ability to resist separation when under tension or stress.

<p><span>Ability to resist separation when under tension or stress.</span></p>
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Heat Capacity

Amount of heat needed to raise 1g of water 1 degree Celsius.

<p><span>Amount of heat needed to raise 1g of water 1 degree Celsius.</span></p>
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Heat of Vaporization

Amount of heat needed to turn a liquid into gas.

<p><span>Amount of heat needed to turn a liquid into gas.</span></p>
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Organic Chemistry

The study of compounds with covalent bonded carbon.

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Organic Compounds

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen.

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Carbon Chains

A line of connected carbon atoms.

<p><span>A line of connected carbon atoms.</span></p>
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Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

<p><span>Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.</span></p>
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Functional Groups

Chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions.

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Nitrogen

Builds proteins and nucleic acids.

<p><span>Builds proteins and nucleic acids.</span></p>
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Phosphorus

Builds nucleic acid and lipids.

<p><span>Builds nucleic acid and lipids.</span></p>
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Biological Macromolecules

Large molecules that are carbon-based and make up every living organism.

<p><span>Large molecules that are carbon-based and make up every living organism.</span></p>
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Carbohydrates

Saccharides (sugars) made from carbon chains or rings.

<p><span>Saccharides (sugars) made from carbon chains or rings.</span></p>
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Proteins

Made from amino acids.

<p><span>Made from amino acids.</span></p>
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Lipids

Fats made of long carbon chains.

<p><span>Fats made of long carbon chains.</span></p>
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Nucleic Acids

DNA, RNA, ATP (energy).

<p><span>DNA, RNA, ATP (energy).</span></p>
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Monomers

Single macromolecules.

<p><span>Single macromolecules.</span></p>
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Polymers

Many monomers bonded together, forming a specific substance (repeating units).

<p><span>Many monomers bonded together, forming a specific substance (repeating units).</span></p>
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Reactants

Beginning molecules of the reaction.

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Products

End molecules of the reaction.

<p><span>End molecules of the reaction.</span></p>
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Dehydration Reaction

Bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O.

<p><span>Bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O.</span></p>
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Hydrolysis

(Hydro = water, lysis = to break) = adding water to break bonds.

<p><span>(Hydro = water, lysis = to break) = adding water to break bonds.</span></p>
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Monosaccharide

One sugar ring (ex./ glucose).

<p><span>One sugar ring (ex./ glucose).</span></p>
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Disaccharide

Two sugar rings (ex./ sucrose).

<p><span>Two sugar rings (ex./ sucrose).</span></p>
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Polysaccharide

Three or more sugar rings (ex./ starch).

<p><span>Three or more sugar rings (ex./ starch).</span></p>
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Denaturation

A process modifying the molecular structure of a protein, often due to changes in heat, salinity and pH.

<p><span>A process modifying the molecular structure of a protein, often due to changes in heat, salinity and pH.</span></p>
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Saturated Fatty Acids

Lipids with a single bond that can be stacked together tightly; solid at room temperature.

<p><span>Lipids with a single bond that can be stacked together tightly; solid at room temperature.</span></p>
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Lipids with at least one double bond that cannot bend or stack; liquid at room termperature.

<p><span>Lipids with at least one double bond that cannot bend or stack; liquid at room termperature.</span></p>
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Steroids

Lipids that are identifiable by their four fused rings.

<p><span>Lipids that are identifiable by their four fused rings.</span></p>
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Phospholipids

A lipid with a hydrophillic (head) and hydrophobic (tail) part.

<p><span>A lipid with a hydrophillic (head) and hydrophobic (tail) part.</span></p>