chem 11: test 9 rev. (ch. 9-12)

ionic bond

chemical bond in which positively charged ions are electrically attracted to negatively charged ions

empirical formula

simplest ratio of atoms in a compound

1. electricity

2. heat

3. malleable / ductile

4. shiny and highly reflective

5. high melting and boiling points

list the 5 characteristics of metals:

1. they are good conductors of ________

2. they are good conductors of ____

3. they are _____, meaning that they can be hammered into shapes, and ______, meaning that they can be drawn into wires

4. most are ______ and _____ ______

5. most have very _______ _____ and _____ ______

london force

weak intermolecular forces resulting from momentary dipoles in molecules; molecules will always have this

hydrogen bond

unusually strong intermolecular force between molecules containing hydrogen covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom; much stronger than any other intermolecular forces

dipole-dipole

forces between neighboring polar molecules caused by the attraction of oppositely charged ends

amorphous solid

has no ordered arrangement or pattern for the particles that compose it

crystalline solid

characterized by particles arranged in a regular, repeated three-dimensional pattern

unit cell

simplest repeating unit in a crystal

practical application

fill in the blank

since ancient times, the most important aspect of chemistry has been its _______ ________

descriptive chemistry

survey of the chemicals and process that are important to our daily lives

hydrogen

simplest and most abundant element in the universe

steam reforming

commercial method of preparing hydrogen by reacting methane with steam

hydrogenation

addition of hydrogen to double or triple bonds

nitrogen

main component of air (78%); most abundant

nitrogen fixation

process in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a form that can be used by plants

ammonia

colorless gas with an irritating odor; the primary use of hydrogen is the synthesis of this

nitrous oxide

laughing gas; colorless gas with a pleasant odor and sweet taste

haber process

process in which ammonia is synthesized from hydrogen and nitrogen gases

ostwald process

process used to produce nitric acid commercially

allotropes

two or more forms of the same element that differ in their properties but exists on the same physical state

phosphorus

tenth most abundant element in the earth’s crust; present in all living organisms; sixth most abundant element in the human body; red and white

red phosphorus

stable allotrope

white phosphorus

unstable allotrope

ATP

energy carrier of the cell

oxygen

fill in the blank

________ is always involved in combustion

ozone layer

portion of the upper stratosphere that has a higher than normal concentration of ozone

hydrogen peroxide

a compound that is used as a mild antiseptic and to bleach textiles, fur, and hair; kept in a brown bottle

frasch process

primary method of sulfur production for most of the 20th century

contact process

industrial process by which sulfuric acid is produced from elemental sulfur

halogens

group 17 elements; too reactive to be found naturally in their free state

fluorine

the most reactive of any element

fluorine

halogen whose compounds are used as an anticavity ingredient in fluoridated drinking water and toothpaste, as refrigerants, and in various applications

refrigerants (freons)

special chemical used in air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, and heat pumps to remove heat from the substance to be cooled

chlorine

found in 85% of medicines

goiter

swelling caused by lack of iodine

noble gases

occur as colorless monatomic gases in their uncombined form; group 18 elements

alkali metals

first ionization energies; group 1 metals; very soft, have relatively low melting points, silvery appearance, very reactive, and have excellent electrical and heat conductivity

metallurgy

science of extracting metals from their naturally occurring materials and preparing them for use

ore

a naturally occurring material containing a metal in sufficient concentration to make its extraction profitable

alloy

mixture of two or more metals, usually melted together

alkaline earth metals

group 2 metals; harder and denser than metals but still softer and less dense than most metals

hard water

forms scummy deposits due to the presence of calcium, magnesium, or iron(II) ions

calcium

essential component of bones and teeth that is also involved in nerve excitation, vision, and muscle contraction; limestone

aluminum

light, silvery-white metal that is the third most abundant element and the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust

hall-heroult process

process in which pure aluminum metal is produced from alumina by electrolysis

lead

dense metal used in car and truck batteries, weights, small-arms ammunition, and radiation shielding

blast furnace

vertical, heat-resistant furnace column; used since the middle ages

coke

form of carbon used in a blast furnace

pig iron

iron used in a blast furnace

direct iron reduction

method in which natural gas is used to reduce iron ore to sponge iron

basic oxygen process

process that uses pure oxygen in a furnace lined with refractory bricks to refine pig iron to steel

electric arc process

steel-refining process in which an electric arc between giant carbon electrodes provides the heat to melt the metal

quenching

process of hardening a piece of steel by cooling it quickly in a bath of cold water or oil

precious metals

valued for their appearance, durability, workability, and scarcity

case hardening

process that hardens the surface of steel while leaving the interior resilient by heating the object to a high temperature in a carbon-rich environment

cyanide process

process of extracting gold an silver from low-grade ores by reacting with aqueous sodium cyanide and treating the mixture with activated charcoal

amalgam

alloy of mercury and another metal

uranium

transition metal used as a fuel in nuclear power plants and prized for its density; protective armor for tanks

platinum

precious metal used primarily as a catalyst in pollution-control devices and in the production of petroleum products

silicon

semimetal that is used in the manufacture of computer chips and is a major component of silicates, glass, and silicones; second most abundant element behind oxygen

boron

relatively rare semimetal commonly found as the mineral borax; used in laundry detergents, as fire retardants, as insecticides, and in fertilizers

solution

homogeneous mixture of two or more substances that forms a liquid or solid phase

solvent

substance that does the dissolving in a solution

solute

substance that is dissolved in a solution

miscible

refers to liquids that are completely soluble in each other in all proportions

immiscible

refers to liquids that do not dissolve in each other to any significant extent

solvation

process of surrounding solute molecules by solvent molecules

dissociation

separation of an ionic compound into ions when solvated

ionization

separation of a molecular compound into ions when solvated

• stirring

• crushing / grinding

• increase temperature

list the three factors that help dissolve

like dissolves like

The more alike two molecules are, the more likely they are to form a solution

saturated

solution containing all the solute possible under equilibrium conditions at a given temperature

unsaturated

a solution that contains less solute than it could at equilibrium at a specific temperature

supersaturated

solution containing more solute than it could under equilibrium conditions at a specific temperature

henry’s law

law stating that at a given temperature, the equilibrium concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

gases

fill in the blank

the solubilities of ______ decreases with increasing temperature

solid

fill in the blank

most _______ solutes have greater solubility in a liquid such as water as the temperature increases

colligative property

any property  of a solution that depends on the number of dissolved particles, not on their identity or properties

temperature

fill in the blank

as __________ increases, vapor pressure decreases

lowers

fill in the blank

a nonvolatile solute _______ the vapor pressure of the solvent

boiling point elevation

increase in a substance’s boiling point caused by the presence of a nonvolatile solute

freezing point depression

decrease in a substance’s freezing point caused by the presence of a solute