Music Ch. - 10-12

Written Quiz 4

What are the dates for the Baroque Period?

1600-1750

What else was going on during the Baroque time period?

The conquest of the New World and the love for the dramatic took place at this time. Galileo studied physics/astronomy, Descartes studied
math, and Newton studied gravity

What does the Portuguese word, ‘baroque,’ mean, and how does that relate to the historical view of the Baroque period?

misshapen/distorted/broken which relates to how early historians thought that this era was excessively extravagant

list 3 major musical characteristics/traits from the Baroque period

new compositional techniques and musical forms. Development of the opera and the
orchestra. Great value placed on the instrumentalists’ technical skills

continuo

the comping of Baroque music that was usually done by multiple instruments

continuo instruments involved

minimum of 2 keyboards (organ/harpsichord) and a bass instrument (cello, bassoon, etc.) were involved. This group and the bass line are called the basso continuo. The keyboard players would realize harmonies given the figure written under the bass notes called figured bass

word painting

the rising pitch when the text refers to the sky or Heaven or descending when talking about darker subjects like death

Which musical instruments were commonly used during the Baroque Period?

organ, violin, flute

opera (Baroque)

dramatic, multi-act work set for singers and instrumentalists

aria (Baroque)

literally “air”, more standard song, usually a way to display a singer’s expressiveness and virtuosity

recitative (Baroque)

“sing-speaking,” no meter, but still sung with distinct pitches, usually drives the plot forward with dialogue and action

cantata (Baroque)

multimovement work for choir, soloist singers, and instrumentalists

oratorio (Baroque)

sacred operas, scored for solo voices, large chorus, and orchestra, arias and recitatives, based on Biblical stories

fugue

imitation and counterpoint as the basis for the entire composition; it includes the subject, answer, and countersubject

concerto (Baroque instrumental)

instrumental work centered around the contrast between two sounds (solo vs. orchestra)

chamber music (Baroque instrumental)

classical music for a small group of musicians

sonata (genre Baroque instrumental)

most common form of chamber music, for either one/two solo instruments plus continuo

Johann Sebastian Bach

1685-1750, German composer, concertos, chorales, works for solo keyboard, and almost everything except operas

George Frideric Handel

1685-1759, German composer and master of Italian style, Italian operas, English oratorios, instrumental works such as concertos, suites, and orchestral works

Henry Purcell

1659-1695, London, dramatic music including operas and incidental music for plays

What are the dates for the Classic Period?

1750-1820

What major historical era was occurring around the same time of the Classic Period?

The Enlightenment/Age of Reason

three common musical traits of Classic Period music

clear tonic (I) and dominant (V) cadences, rhythm was generally predictive and simple to understand, and form and structure are emphasized

What element of music was considered the highest priority in the Classic Period?

Melody (form/structure)

First Viennese School

a group of major composers all from Vienna

First Viennese School composers

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven

In what ways was opera of the Classic Period similar to that of the Baroque?

both include recitatives and aria

In what ways was opera of the Classic Period different to that of the Baroque?

in the Classic Period accompaniment was more dramatic
and complex. There were also more choral numbers and more elaborate staging and
costumes

opera buffa

rise of the comic opera, more light-hearted and comedic elements than the opera seria in the Baroque Period

Multi-Movement Cycle (Classic)

includes 4 movements

Multi-Movement Cycle 1st movement

fast, in sonata-allegro form

Multi-Movement Cycle 2nd movement

slow, in a ternary form (ABA) or theme and variations

Multi-Movement Cycle 3rd movement

dance, usually called a minuet and trio or scherzo and trio

Multi-Movement Cycle 4th movement

fast, usually a rondo form but sometimes sonata-allegro form

sonata-allegro form

a drama between two different important areas featuring modulation

3 sections of a piece in sonata-allegro form

exposition, development, recapitulation

ternary

3 parts, ABA

minuet and trio

stately dance in 3/4

theme and variations

presentation of a theme and then variations later

rondo

the original A section that is returned to, “round”

What was the most popular chamber ensemble of the Classic Period?

The String Quartet

instruments in The String Quartet

violin, viola, cello

In what ways did Ludwig van Beethoven demonstrate the shift from Classic to Romantic music?

created many of his most famous works with more of a Romantic style by including a dramatic dynamic contrast, chromaticism, and longer movements

How did Beethoven’s music reflect his shift in style?

he went from textbook Classical style writing symphonies, concertos, sonatas, chamber music and an opera

Franz Joseph Hayden

1732-1809, Austrian composer worked in Vienna, quartets, symphonies, concertos, sacred music, operas, and keyboard sonatas

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1756-1791, Austrian composer, symphonies, operas, concertos, and sonatas

Ludwig van Beethoven

1770-1827, German composer, symphonies, concertos, sonatas, chamber music, one opera

What are the dates for the Romantic Period?

1820-1900

What was the main ‘ism’ guiding art in the Romantic time period?

individualism

three traits of Romantic-Period music

chromaticism - more frequent use of chromatic pitches and dissonance, extended range of orchestra, expansion of dynamic range

absolute music

created for its own sake, no extramusical connotations (sonatas, symphonies, and concertos)

program music

created to depict moods, images, characters, and stories, Beethoven

lieder

art songs in German, strophic-same music, different text for each stanza, through-composed-music changes all the time to match the text; Franz Schubert

character pieces/miniatures

short, single-movement works for solo piano, may be based off dances

composers associated with character pieces/miniatures

Frederic Chopin, Franz Liszt, Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, Clara Schumann

prominent female composers of Romantic Period

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, Clara Schumann

symphonic poems/tone poems

one-movement work with contrasting moods, program music by nature

symphonies

traditionally absolute music

master of tone poems

Pytor Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Italian bel canto style

“beautiful singing,” a term for Italian operas from this time period

German music drama

the revolutionized opera into a “higher form”

Describe the “feud” between the Traditionalists and Revolutionaries of the late Romantic music.

Brahms wanted absolute music while Wagner wanted program music