Comprehensive Review of Neurophysiology

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A complete set of flashcards designed to help students master key concepts in neurophysiology, covering topics from cellular mechanisms to complex brain functions.

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143 Terms

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The Fluid Mosaic Model was proposed by and in 1972.

Singer and Nicolson

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proteins span the membrane and function as channels, carriers, or receptors, while proteins are attached to the membrane surface and help in signaling or structural support.

Integral (transmembrane), Peripheral

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stabilizes membrane fluidity and are involved in cell recognition and signaling.

Cholesterol, Carbohydrates

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regulates entry and exit of substances, while receive chemical signals.

Selective permeability, Receptors

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__ membrane potential, signal transmission, and muscle contraction.

Ion channels are essential for maintaining

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__ Allow continuous passive movement of specific ions and maintain resting membrane potential.

Leak Channels (Passive Channels)

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__ Open or close in response to changes in membrane potential, such as Na⁺ and K⁺ channels in action potentials.

Voltage-Gated Channels

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__ Open when a specific chemical (ligand) binds to the channel, such as Acetylcholine binding to nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junction.

Ligand-Gated Channels (Chemically Gated)

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__ Open in response to mechanical stimuli like stretch, pressure, or vibration and are Found in sensory receptors.

Mechanically-Gated Channels

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__ Respond to changes in temperature and are Found in sensory neurons for heat or cold detection.

Temperature-Gated Channels (Thermo-sensitive)

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__ across the cell membrane is essential for maintaining homeostasis and enabling cellular function.

Transport

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In Simple Diffusion, there is movement of small, __ molecules directly through the lipid bilayer.

non-polar

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__ Uses carrier proteins or channels and For polar molecules.

Facilitated Diffusion

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__ Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane via aquaporins.

Osmosis

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__ Direct use of ATP, for example, Na⁺/K⁺ -ATPase pump.

Primary Active Transport

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__ Indirect use of ATP using Symport and Antiport.

Secondary Active Transport (Co-transport)

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__ For large molecules, via membrane-bound vesicles such as Endocytosis and Exocytosis.

Vesicular Transport (Bulk transport)

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The resting membrane potential (RMP) is the __ difference across the cell membrane when the cell is not actively transmitting impulses.

electrical potential

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The membrane is much more permeable to __than to Na⁺ at rest, so the inside becomes more negative.

K⁺

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This active transport pump expels 3 Na⁺ ions out and brings 2 K⁺ ions in per ATP hydrolyzed which contributes slightly to the negativity of the RMP

Sodium-Potassium Pump (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)

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action potential (AP) is a rapid, temporary electrical impulse generated in __ cells.

excitable

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At resting state, High k+ inside and High Na+ outside while __ channels open.

K+ leak

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During Depolarisation, Voltage Gated __ channels open; so inside becomes positive.

Na+

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During Repolarisation Voltage Gated __ channels open.

K+

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refractory period: No AP possible and refractory period: AP possible but requires stronger stimulus.

Absolute, Relative

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AP travels along the membrane without decreasing in amplitude which is known as __

Propagation

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In a living body, impulses only conduct in __ direction, which is known as unidirectional.

one

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A local response is a small, localized change in membrane potential that is __ in magnitude depending on the stimulus strength.

varies

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During Refractoriness, the inactivation of __ channels prevents the cell from firing again immediately.

Na⁺

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__ is defined as the ability of a cell or tissue to respond to a stimulus by generating an electrical impulse.

Excitability

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The __ is the minimum strength of a stimulus that, when applied for a long duration, can produce an action potential.

Rheobase

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The graph that represents relationship between the strength of the stimulus and time needed to excite the tissue is known as __

Strength-Duration Curve

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In Unmyelinated Nerve Fibres The impulse travels by __ Conduction.

Continuous

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In Myelinated Nerve Fibres, The impulse jumps from node to node – a process known as __ conduction.

saltatory

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Once a threshold stimulus is applied, the neuron fires completely with a full action potential which is known as __

All-or-None Law

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Largest in diameter and fastest conducting Nerve fibres are __ fibres

A

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The functional unit of neuronal communication in the nervous system is __

Synapse

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Located at the axon terminal of the transmitting neuron that Contains synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

Presynaptic Terminal

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They bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane causing ion channel opening, leading to postsynaptic potential (either excitatory or inhibitory).

Neurotransmitters

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Neurons are connected by gap junctions and Ions flow directly from one neuron to the next in __

Electrical Synapse

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Action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal, Voltage-gated __channels open in Chemical Synapse.

Ca²⁺

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__ are chemical substances that allow communication between neurons at chemicalsynapses.

Synaptic transmission

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These act quickly and are involved in fast synaptic transmission which is characteristic of __ Neurotransmitters.

Small-Molecule

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Larger molecules made of 3 or more amino acids that Act more slowly and modulate longer-term changes: __ Neurotransmitters.

Neuropeptides

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_diffuses directly through membranes and is Not stored in vesicles.

Nitric Oxide (NO)

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Depends on the type of neurotransmitter and receptor so it can be Excitatory or Inhibitory: __

Action

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If an excitatory neurotransmitter binds to its receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, it typically activates ion channels that allow __ ions to flow into the neuron.

sodium(Na+)

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In contrast, when an inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to its receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, it typically opens __ channels

chloride (Cl-)

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The electrical signal activates dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) in the T-tubule membrane, which are mechanically linked to __ receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

ryanodine

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_ refers to the process by which electrical signals in muscle cells lead to mechanical contraction

Electromechanical coupling

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Muscle length remains constant; tension changes during __ Muscle Contraction.

Isometric

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Muscle tension remains constant; length changes during __ Muscle Contraction.

Isotonic

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A single, brief contraction in response to a single stimulus is known as __ Muscle Contraction.

Twitch

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Subsequent stimuli arrive before the muscle completely relaxes from the previous twitch, leading to increased tension is known as __ Muscle Contraction.

Wave Summation

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Definition: A decrease in muscle's ability to generate force which is known as __ fatigue.

Skeletal Muscle

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The __ system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses

sympathetic

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Triggered by an increase in intracellular calcium ions ([Ca²⁺]) which enters through __channels

voltage-gated

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Calcium binds to __ regulatory protein.

Calmodulin

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The Ca²⁺-calmodulin complex activates __.

MLCK

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MLCP dephosphorylates __chains, stopping cross-bridge cycling and promoting relaxation.

myosin light

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These are __ projections that receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors.

Dendrites

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Action potential will be initiated based on the summation of incoming signals by __

Axon Hillock

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These are gaps in the myelin sheath where ion exchange occurs also called __

Nodes of Ranvier

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Neurotransmitters are released into synapses to communicate with target cell by __ Terminals.

Axon

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Communication occurs via neurotransmitters released at synapses between neurons in __ networks .

Neural

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Neural network adapt through synaptic strengthening or weakening based on activity . This is called __ .

Plasticity

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Multiple input neurons converge onto a single output neuron in __ Networks.

Converging

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Neurons form feedback loops, allowing signals to persist or oscillate during __ Networks.

Reverberating

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Input signals travel through parallel pathways with varying synaptic delays before converging at an output neuron in __ Networks.

Parallel After-Discharge

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In positive feedback it signals, while negative feedback neural activity.

amplifies, stabilizes

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These reflexes involve only one synapse between the afferent and efferent neurons called __ reflexes .

Monosynaptic

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A reflex is an__ movement or action that occurs in response to stimuli.

involuntary

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Multiple simultaneous stimuli from different presynaptic neurons can combine at the postsynaptic neuron, reaching threshold potential and triggering an action potential named __ Summation.

Spatial

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Excitation persists for some time after the stimulus ends due to ongoing neurotransmitter activity inside __ .

Nerve centre

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Nerve centers can modify incoming rhythmic signals into different output rhythms based on their intrinsic properties a feature called __ .

Rhythm Transformation

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A process by which neuronal activity is suppressed, reducing the likelihood of action potential generation in the CNS

Inhibition

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Postsynaptic inhibition involves the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters such as __

GABA

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During Postsynaptic Inhibition-Cl- channels allows chloride ions (Cl-) to enter the postsynaptic neuron and causing __

hyperpolarization

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This involves the inhibition of antagonist muscles when agonist muscles are activated and prevents it from contracting while allowing smooth movement by the agonist

Reciprocal Inhibition

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This enhances contrast and sharpens sensory perception by inhibiting neighboring neurons around an excited neuron

Lateral inhibition

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The secretion of hormones can be inhibited when their levels reach a certain threshold and preventing overactivity with the help of __Mechanisms.

Negative Feedback

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has two main branches: The __ system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses

Sympathetic

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It helps our movements be smooth, for example, when you bend your arm, your biceps work while your triceps let go with __ of CNS coordination.

Principle of Reciprocity

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Higher parts of the brain can take charge and influence lower parts, like overriding automatic reactions. This is a feature during __ of CNS coordination.

Principle of Subordination

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All signals that tell muscles to move eventually go through the same basic route in the spinal cord during __ of CNS coordination.

Common Final Pathway

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During the activity of the sympathetic division, many of the inputs originate in the __

brainstem

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The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is primarily responsible for stimulating "__ " activities

rest-and-digest

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These are branched projections that receive signals (input) from other neurons or sensory receptors which is characteristic of a __ .

Dendrites

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Each column contains neurons that respond to similar types of information or perform similar processing tasks during __ Organisation .

Columnar

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Primary sensory cortices are distributed across various lobes but visual cortex location lies in __ lobe.

occipital

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Voluntary movements or regulation of muscle tone happens at the __ cord level .

Spinal

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The spinal cord plays a critical role in regulating muscle tone and movement through __ mechanisms

reflex

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This is a fundamental mechanism that helps maintain muscle tone and posture. It occurs when a muscle is stretched, leading to an automatic contraction of that muscle to resist further stretching is __ Reflex.

Myotatic

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This serves as a protective mechanism that prevents excessive tension in muscles known as __ Reflex.

Reverse Myotatic

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An important withdrawal response that occurs when a painful stimulus is applied to a limb called __ Reflex.

Flexor

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Two types of lower motor neurons that that play crucial roles in the control of muscle contraction and movement called __ neurons.

Alpha and gamma motoneurons

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A motor neuron that allows muscle to contract smoothly and precisely is __ motoneuron.

Gamma

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The simultaneous activation of alpha and gamma motoneurons is commonly refered as __

Alpha-Gamma Coactivation

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This consists of a complex interplay between various neural systems that underpin essential motor functions and postural stability across different life stages and clinical conditions which is characteristic of __ reflexes.

Late tonic brainstem

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This play a pivotal role in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements

Motor Cortex