APUSH Semester 2 final exam review

"Flexible Response"

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

"Hundred Days"

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

"New Right"

Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.

"Star Wars Program"

a program first initiated under President Ronald Reagan. The intent of this program was to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from other countries, specifically the Soviet Union

"waving the bloody shirt"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

26th Amendment

lowered the voting age to 18

1912 election

Election between Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson (Wilson elected because Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican voters)

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

barack obama

\-44th president

\-2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

bay of pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

betty friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

bill clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Bush v. Gore

Use of 14th Amendment's equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the election of 2000.

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

causes and effects of dust bowl

Cause of the Dust bowl is bad farming practices. Effects putting american in great depression

Causes of Industrialization

technological innovation, abundance of natural resources, large workforce, business consolidation

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

cuban missile crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Détente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

34th president

leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA

effects of prohibition

a rise in bootlegging, gambling, prostitution, racketeering

effects of the development and spread of railroads

opened the way for the settlement of the West, provided new economic opportunities, stimulated the development of town and communities, and generally tied the country together.

Effects of Vietnam War

\-high causlaties

\-large number of refugees flee Vietnam

\-treatment/health issues of veterans

\-changes in public policy---> war powers act

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Equal Right Amendment (ERA)

A proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which was not ratified, that gave equal rights to women

FDR and "court packing"

tried to add more Supreme Court justices to rule in his favor to keep New Deal running

federal trade commission act

A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

fourteen points (wilson)

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Frankiln D. Roosevelt

32nd president

The president during the great depression he believed in making the new deal to end the depression.

\-new deal

George F. Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

George H.W. Bush

41st president

president during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Gerald Ford

38th president

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Gideon v. Wainwright

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

gospel of wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

great migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

growth of the suburbs

After World War II, people began to move away from cities, leading to suburban growth

Causes of this migration included the mass production of automobiles, the growth of the road system, and better living conditions

As African-Americans began to move to northern cities, whites began to move to the suburbs ("white flight")

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

harry truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

herbert hoover

31st President of the United States

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

interstate commerce commission

an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

jane addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Japanese-American Internment camps

FDR authorized the evacuation of all Japanese from the West Coast into relocation centers

The government interned around 120,000 Japanese sabotage following Pearl Harbor, and in some part, due to racial discrimination

JKF and civil rights

Kennedy defined the civil rights crisis as moral, as well as constitutional and legal. He announced that major civil rights legislation would be submitted to the Congress to guarantee equal access to public facilities, to end segregation in education, and to provide federal protection of the right to vote.

jim crow system voter suppression

Beginning in the late 19th century, political operatives in Southern states employed voter suppression tactics, known as Jim Crow laws, which imposed literacy tests, poll taxes, voter roll purges, and grandfather clauses that said you could vote only if your grandfather had voted.

jimmy carter

39th U.S. President. 1977-1981. Democratic

Joe MacCarthy

US senator that used Red Scar fears to make himself famous

John F. Kennedy

35th president

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

ku klux klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

labor unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

lyndon johnson

1963-1969

\*Thirty-sixth President

\*Became president after JFK's assassination

\*Previously served as a Democratic senator from Texas, where he was both the whip and floor leader

\*Promoted Kennedy's agenda through Congress, including a tax cut and the Civil Rights Act of 1964

\*Called for war against poverty and promoted social and economic welfare legislation (his Great Society program)

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

nixon pardon

Within his first month of Presidency, Gerald Ford gave full pardon to Nixon. Which aroused fierce criticism, and soon his approval ratings went from 71% to 50%.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

An international organization that has joined together for military purposes

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

pentagon papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

“separate but equal”

political machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

problems caused by rapid urbanization

Housing shortages, increased crime, unsafe drinking water, sanitation problems.

progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

reasons for getting involved in the Korean war

America wanted not just to contain communism - they also wanted to prevent the domino effect. Truman was worried that if Korea fell, the next country to fall would be Japan, which was very important for American trade.

reasons for getting involved in the Vietnam war

the spread of communism during the Cold War, American containment, and European imperialism in Vietnam.

reasons for getting involved in WWI

The immediate cause of World War I that made the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

reasons for getting involved in WWII

The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor.

Japanese Control of China and Asia.

Germany's Aggression and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Sinking U.S. Ships.

Fear of German Expansion and Invasion.

reasons for the growth in public education

To have skilled workers, educated voters, and to teach children proper things about politics such as patriotism ex.

Richard Nixon

Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States

Ronald Reagan

40th president

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

safety value theory

Idea that making free land available in the West would help solve unemployment in the East

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan