Endocrine System

aden/o

aden/o

gland

adrenal/o

adrenal gland

andr/o

male

calc/o

Calcium

cortic/o

cortex

crin/o

to secrete

dips/o

thirst

estr/o

female

gluc/o

sugar

glyc/o

sugar

gonad/o

sex glands (ovaries and testes)

home/o

sameness

hormon/o

hormone

insulin/o

insulin

kal/i

Potassium

lact/o

milk

myx/o

mucus

natr/o

Sodium

pancreat/o

pancreas

parathyroid/o

parathyroid glands

phys/o

growing

pituitar/o

pituitary gland

somat/o

body

ster/o

solid structure

thyr/o

thyroid gland

thyroid/o

thyroid gland

toc/o

childbirth

toxic/o

poison

ur/o

urine

-agon

assemble, gather together

-emia

blood condition

-in, -ine

substance

-tropin

stimulating the function of

-uria

urine condition

eu-

good, normal

hyper-

excessive, above

hypo-

deficient, below

oxy-

rapid, sharp, acid

pan-

all

poly-

many, increased

tetra-

four

tri-

three

acromegaly

hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities

Addison disease

hyposecretion of cortisol symptoms include defient corticoids, hyponatremia (low blood sodium), fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and low blood pressure

adrenal virilism (male characteristics)

hypersecretion of testosterone (androgens) causes amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne and voice deepening

cretinism

hypothyroidism in infants and children lack of normal physical and mental growth, obese short and stocky child.

Cushing syndrome

hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland causes obesity, moon face, and thoracic fat deposition

diabetes insipidus (DI)

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia

diabetes mellitus (DM) type1 & type 2

lack of insulin secretion or resistance (hyposecretion) of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells

diabetic neuropathy

too much blood sugar can make neurons less/more sensitive to pain caused by hyposecretion of insulin

dwarfism

hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood, resulting in an abnormally small adult

gigantism

hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues (proportional)

goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland due to the lack of iodine in the diet.

Graves

hyperthyroidism (hyper secretion of thyroxine or T4) high metabolism, high heart rate, weight loss, protrusion of eyeballs due to swelling

hyperinsulinism

the condition of hypersecretion of insulin in the bloodstream from the pancreas: hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting

hyperparathyroidism

calcium leaves the bones cases to go to the blood stream caused osteoporosis, factures, and kidney stones (hypersecretions of PTH)

hyperthyroidism

excessive activity of the thyroid gland (throtoxicosis, T4) high metabolism, high heart rate, high body tmp, weight loss

hypoparathyroidism

Calcium remains in bones: caused uscle and erve weakness and tetany-muscle spasms

hypothyroidism

underactivity of the thyroid gland (T4) causes fatigue, muscular and mental sluggishness, high waigh, high fluid retention, low heart rate, and constipation

ketoacidosis

a complication of diabetes (insulin hyposecretion and ADH hyposecretion), excessive production of ketones, making the blood acid

myxedema

Hypothyroidism in adults (low T4 and T3) dry puffy skin and atherosclerosis, high wight, fatigue, low heart reat, constipation low body temperature

panhypopituitarism

hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; results in problems with the glands controlled by pituitary gland

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

hypersecretion of ADH caused excess water secretion

tetany

tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction caused by hypoparathyroidism

Calcium

Ca, strengthens bones

catecholamines

hormones derived from cholestrol secreted by the adrenal medulla to create/control stress response (norepinephrine, epinephrine)

Corticosteroids

Chemicals derived from amino acids secreted by the adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone, androgen, estrogen, progesterone)

endocrine gland

Glands of the endocrine system that secretes hormones into the bloodstream to the rest of the body

Glucocorticoids

corticosteroids that raise blood glucose (coritosol)

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions, the goal of the endocrine system

Hormones

chemical messengers released by glands that regulate the varied function of an organism and bind to receptors to target tissues

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

iodine

An essential part of your diet that is neede for the production of thyroid hormone

islets of Langerhans

cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ

mineralocorticoid

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body (aldosterone)

Potassium

maintains normal cell function. Aldosterone leads to the EXCRETION of potassium (hypersecretion=to little potassium)

Sodium

Chemical element necessary for cellular functioning. Aldosterone causes the kidneys to RETAIN sodium (hypersecretion=to much salt).

steroid

hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, testes and ovaries, derived from cholestrol.

sympathomimetic

agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, increases the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine

target tissue

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

adenohypophysis

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (SECRETES HORMONES)

adrenaline

A hormone released from the adrenal medulla (catecholamine)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

From the posterior piuitary gland to stimulate kidneys to reabsorb water.

calcitonin

From the thyroid gland to lower blood calcium levels

electrolyte

help regulate nerve and muscle function and maintain acid-base balance (associated with hydration) ADH and Aldosterone manage electrolyte levels

Estradiol

estrogen secreted by the ovaries

gonadotropic hormones

hormones secreed from the anterio pituitary gland that stimulate gonad activity: ovaries in females and tests in males (FSH and LH)

hypothalamus

controls the secretions of the pituitary gland via releasing factors (hormones).

neurohypophysis

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which STORES and RELEASES hormones

oxytocin (OT)

Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, Increases the contractions of the uterus during birth and promotes the release of breast milk

sella turcica

depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

Sex hormones (androgens)

hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the devolopment of male and female sexual characteristics (testosterone and estrogen)

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (thyrotropin)

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes thyroid function

Growth Hormone (GH) (Somatotropin)

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

Secreted by the pituitary gland, triggers ovulation and hormone production, promotes testosterone production

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulates ovarian follicle in ovaries; stimulates testes to develop sperm

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland, Targets adrenal cortex to release hormones

Prolactin (PRL)

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, Promotes lactation in the breast