Chapter 30: Urinalysis (copy)

Urine is composed of what products?

95% water and 5% organic and inorganic waste products

A normal adult excretes how much urine each day?

750 to 2000 mL

Define Anuria

Failure of the kidneys to produce urine

Define Dysuria

Difficult or painful urination

Define Hematuria

The presence of blood in the urine

Define Nocturia

Excessive (voluntary) urination during the night

Define Oliguria

Decreased output of urine

Define Polyuria

Increased output of urine

Define Pyuria

The presence of pus in the urine

Define Urinary incontinence

The inability to retain urine

Why is a first-voided morning specimen so desirable?

It has the highest concentration of dissolved substances, making it easier to detect small amounts of abnormal substances.

What test requires a clean-catch midstream specimen? Why?

Urine culture for detecting a UTI (urinary tract infection) or evaluating effectiveness of drug therapy

What is urinalysis?

The analysis of the urine (a test of the urine)

If urine is allowed to stand at room temperature for longer than 1 hour, what changes may occur?

• Bacteria in the urine converts urea to ammonia, raising the pH and possibly causing a false-positive protein test

• Bacteria multiply, making the urine cloudy and increasing nitrite levels

• Microorganisms use glucose, reducing its amount in the specimen

• Red and white blood cells may break down

• Casts decompose after a few hours

If urine is lighter yellow, what does this mean?

That it is diluted urine

If urine is dark amber, what does this mean?

That it is concentrated urine

Cloudiness in a freshly voided specimen may be due to what? What could this cause?

May be due to the presence of bacteria, pus, blood, fat, yeast, sperm, mucous threads or fecal contaminants; It can cause a UTI

Freshly voided urine should have what kind of odor?

A slightly aromatic odor

Urine that has been standing for a long time develops what kind of odor?

An ammonia odor

What is specific gravity?

Measures how heavy the urine is compared to the same amount of distilled water

The normal specific gravity of urine range is what?

1.003 to 1.030 (Usually between 1.010 and 1.025)

pH indicates what?

The acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Is glucose normally in urine?

No

If glucose is present in urine, what could this indicate?

It may indicate glycosuria

The presence of protein in the urine is what?

Proteinuria

What conditions may cause protein in the urine?

Glomerular filtration problems, renal disease, and bacterial infection of the urinary tract

What is the term for ketone in the urine?

Ketonuria

Conditions that may lead to ketonuria are what?

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, starvation, and a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet.

What is the term for bilirubin in the urine?

Bilirubinuria

What conditions may result in bilirubin in the urine?

Gallstones, hepatitis, and cirrhosis

Blood in the urine may be abnormal, except for what instance?

Menstruation

Nitrate in the urine indicates what?

Indicates the presence of a pathogen in the urinary tract

Leukocytes in the urine may indicate what?

Indicates inflammation of the kidneys or lower urinary tract

Presence of bacteria in urine may indicate what?

Contamination of the specimen during collection or a UTI

Presence of yeast cells in urine may indicate what?

Indicates a vaginal contamination from Candida albicans or an infection in patients with diabetes mellitus