2023年中文课的语法

how do you use 不得了?

used to describe an adjective, extremely adj

adj 得不得了，他聪明得不得了

what are some rules for writing big numbers in chinese? (ex numbers over 10,000)

you use 万 for one 10,000， 三万 = 30,000 (3,0000)， after 万 you repeat using 十/百/千

add commas every 4 digits vs 3 digits in english (2,1000 vs 21,000)

万, 千, 百(not白!!), 十 (10,000，1,000，100，10)

add one 零 when there is a zero in the middle of the number，not at the end，ex. 2005 = 两千零五，but 200 = 两百

when do you use 两/二？

(this question isn’t super important and i dont think she’ll test us on it, so skip if necessary)

use 二 for one’s place, 二十，二万 ONLY if there is another digit in front of 万, ex 120,000 (十二万)

use 两 for 两百，两千，两万 only when 10,000s place is the highest place number

how would you say 328,202 in characters?

w chinese comma spacing?

三十二万八千两百零二

32,8202

what is 比 and how do you use it?

比 is a word used for comparison

我比她聪明 = I’m smarter than her, I compared to her smarter.

use 更 to say very, not 很

我比她更聪明 = I am much more smart than her

how do you use 比 to say my computer is $50 more expensive than his computer?

what are the rules of this structure?

我的电脑比他的电脑贵五十钱。

make sure you put the adjective first before the amount of something that differs

some adjectives to use are 多/少，贵/便宜(use these for money!!)，ect.

how do you use 一样 to compare things and what are the rules of this structure?

一样 kind of means the same or similar, equal

我跟我的狗一样漂亮，me and my dog are equally pretty (I with my dog together pretty)

have to use 跟 between the two nouns!! （not 比）

compare the base differences of passive and active voice

passive voice emphasizes the **object**, active emphasizes the **subject**

my **homework** was eaten by her(passive) vs. **she** ate my homework(active)

what are the rules of passive voice?

object 被 subject verb 了 (object by subject was verbed）

她的功课被她的狗吃了。(her homework by her dog was eaten)

the subject is not necessary, but 被 is

她的功课被吃了 （her homework was eaten)

被 can be replaced by 叫(jiao) or 让(rang)

compare passive voice (被 structure) to the 把 structure

把 ≠ 被!!! you cannot substitute one for the other

把 is an active voice structure, but puts object before verb

把 = subject 把 object verb

我把我的午饭吃了(I ate my lunch) ≠ 我被我的午饭吃了 (I was eaten by my lunch)

我把我的午饭吃了= 我的午饭被我吃了

What are the two structures for duration of activity?

subject verb object verb 了 time duration or

subject verb 了 time duration 的 object

(她做功课做了五个小时 or 她做了五个小时的功课)

What do the different 了s mean in duration of activity?

(zero 了s, one 了, two 了s)

zero 了s: this activity is routine, you do it often (ex: 每天我跑一个小时步 = Every day I run for an hour)

one 了: the person did this activity and stopped doing it after that amount of time (ex: 他坐了半个钟头饭 = he cooked for a half hour (and stopped)）

two 了s: (the second 了 is at the end of the sentence) the person did this activity and is still doing it (ex: 她睡觉睡了四个钟头了 = she has been sleeping for four hours (and is still sleeping)

what is the structure for duration of inaction?

subject (已经) duration of time 没 verb object 了

我已经三年没睡觉了 (I already haven’t slept in 3 years)

How do you ask someone how long they have not done something (duration of inaction)?

subject 多久(duo jiu) 没 verb object 了？

你多久没学西班牙文(xi ban ya wen)了？(how long has it been since you were studying spanish?)

你多久没打篮球了？

What amounts of time use or do not use 个?

年 and 天 don’t use 个 (一年，五天）

月，日，and 星期 use 个

what is the basic structure for a directional complement? (ex. walk over here)

走过来 come/walk over here

走 is movement verb (can use 跑(run)，飞(fly)，跳(jump/tiao)

过 is directional verb (过 = over, 出 = out, 进 = in)

来 is movement in comparison to speaker (来 means going towards the speaker, 去 means going away from the speaker)

how do you add a location/an object into a directional complement?

movement + directional verb + location/object + towards/away

走进教室去 go in the classroom (away from me)

拿起书来 (pick up the book (grab upwards book to speaker is direct translation))

also with 把：我把书拿起来 (I pick up the book/I 把 book pick up)

how do you use the 把 structure with directional complements?

把 moves the object to the front of the directional complement

subject + 把 + object + verb + complement(在/给/到) + (的) + location in reference(上/下/左边/右边/前/后/旁边/ect)

把我的爱情还给我。。。。。。。。

你把这个沙发放在房子里面 (you put this couch inside the house)

她把椅子搬到床的右边。(she moved the chair to the right of the bed)

放在 is place something, 搬到 is move something

How do you use descriptive complements and what are they?

they describe how or to what extent a verb is being verbed

how: 她打足球打得好 (she plays soccer well)

to what extent: 她做功课做得累(she did her homework until she was exhausted)

what does 越来越 mean and how to use it with descriptive complement?

越来越 basically means more and more

她跑步跑得越来越快 (she runs faster and faster)

what do 又。。。 又 mean and how to use it?

又。。。又 connects two adjectives

the adjectives have to have the same connotation (both positive/negative/neutral)

他又聪明又能干

她又漂亮又高

他的头发又绿色又长

what are 首先, 其次, and 最后 and how do you use them grammatically?

首先(shou xian), 其次(qi ci), and 最后(zui hou) are the french macaron, they are used to build an argument/ describe something in a meaningful/drawn-out way

don’t use them for sequence of events, don’t use them in one sentence or really short sentences