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Most human traits result from the combined effects of __ and _
Nature and nurture
Genetic Predisposition
The increased chance of developing a specific trait or condition due to our genetic code
Every human cell has __ chromosomes in _ pairs
46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
Genes can be dominant or ___
recessive
IQ is both influenced by ___ and __
Environment and genetics
Sex is determined by __ pair of chromosomes
23rd (Male: X and Y Female: X and X
Turner’s Syndrome
Only a single X chromosome in the 23rd spot
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Extra X chromosome
Down Syndrome
Extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Neuroanatomy
The study of the parts and functions of neurons
Neurons
Individual nerve cells
Dendrites
Rootlike things that make synaptic connections with other neurons
Soma
AKA Cell body
Contains nucleus and other parts needed to sustain life
Axon
Wirelike structure ending in terminal buttons
Myelin Sheath
Fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses
Multiple Sclerosis
Occurs when the myelin sheath deteriorates around neurons, interfering with neural transmission
Terminal Buttons
AKA end buttons, terminal branches of axons, synaptic knobs
Branched end of axon that contain neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that enable neurons to communicate
Fit into receptor sites on dendrites of neurons
Synapse
The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next
Neural Transmission
When a neuron transmits a message
Resting Potential charge
In its resting state a neuron has an overall slightly negative charge (because mostly negative ions are within the cell and mostly positive ions are surrounding it)
The cell membrane is selectively ___ to __
permeable, maintain difference in charge in and around a neuron
Reaction process from a neuron A to B
1) Terminal buttons of A are stimulated and release neurotransmitters into synapse
2) Neurotransmitters fit into receptor site on dendrites of neuron B
3)Threshold is reached and cell membrane of B becomes permeable for positive ions
4) Charge reaches terminal buttons of neuron B which release neurotransmitters into the synapse
5) Process repeats is enough neurotransmitters are received to pass the threshold
Threshold
Level of neurotransmitters that allows the membrane to become permeable, firing the neuron
Action Potential
The electric message firing down the length of the neuron
All-or-none Principle
A neuron either completely fires or doesn’t fire at all with the same impulse every time
Depolarization
Process of neural firing (the cell becomes depolarized when + ions rush into the cell changing overall charge from negative to positive)
Electricity vs Chemicals in a Neuron
Electricity travels within the cell and Chemicals travel the gap of the synapse
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
They excite the next cell into firing
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
They inhibit the next cell from firing
(Each synaptic gap at any time may contain many kinds of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters)
Dopamine Function
Motor movement and alertness
Problems associated with Dopamine
Lack: Parkinson’s disease
Overabundance: Schizophrenia
Serotonin Function
Mood control
Problems associated with Serotonin
Lack: Clinical depression
Norepinephrine Function
Alertness, arousal
Problems associated with Norepinephrine
Lack: Depression
Glutamate Function
Excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory
Problems associated with Glutamate
Triggers migraines, seizures
GABA Function
Important inhibitory neurotransmitter
Problems associated with GABA
Internalizes when having seizures and can cause sleep problems
Endorphins Function
Pain control
Problems associated with Endorphins
Involved in addictions
Substance P Function
Pain perception
Problems associated with Substance P
Lack: Lack of pain perception
Acetylcholine Function
Motor movement
Problems associated with Acetylcholine
Lack: Alzheimer’s disease
Involved in Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia Gravis
Condition that causes muscle weakness and is influenced by Acetylcholine