Biological Bases of Behavior (incomplete)

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47 Terms

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Most human traits result from the combined effects of __ and _

Nature and nurture

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Genetic Predisposition

The increased chance of developing a specific trait or condition due to our genetic code

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Every human cell has __ chromosomes in _ pairs

46 chromosomes in 23 pairs

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Genes can be dominant or ___

recessive

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IQ is both influenced by ___ and __

Environment and genetics

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Sex is determined by __ pair of chromosomes

23rd (Male: X and Y Female: X and X

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Turner’s Syndrome

Only a single X chromosome in the 23rd spot

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Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Extra X chromosome

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Down Syndrome

Extra chromosome on the 21st pair

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Neuroanatomy

The study of the parts and functions of neurons

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Neurons

Individual nerve cells

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Dendrites

Rootlike things that make synaptic connections with other neurons

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Soma

AKA Cell body

Contains nucleus and other parts needed to sustain life

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Axon

Wirelike structure ending in terminal buttons

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Myelin Sheath

Fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses

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Multiple Sclerosis

Occurs when the myelin sheath deteriorates around neurons, interfering with neural transmission

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Terminal Buttons

AKA end buttons, terminal branches of axons, synaptic knobs

Branched end of axon that contain neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that enable neurons to communicate

Fit into receptor sites on dendrites of neurons

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Synapse

The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next

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Neural Transmission

When a neuron transmits a message

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Resting Potential charge

In its resting state a neuron has an overall slightly negative charge (because mostly negative ions are within the cell and mostly positive ions are surrounding it)

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The cell membrane is selectively ___ to __

permeable, maintain difference in charge in and around a neuron

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Reaction process from a neuron A to B

1) Terminal buttons of A are stimulated and release neurotransmitters into synapse

2) Neurotransmitters fit into receptor site on dendrites of neuron B

3)Threshold is reached and cell membrane of B becomes permeable for positive ions

4) Charge reaches terminal buttons of neuron B which release neurotransmitters into the synapse

5) Process repeats is enough neurotransmitters are received to pass the threshold

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Threshold

Level of neurotransmitters that allows the membrane to become permeable, firing the neuron

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Action Potential

The electric message firing down the length of the neuron

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All-or-none Principle

A neuron either completely fires or doesn’t fire at all with the same impulse every time

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Depolarization

Process of neural firing (the cell becomes depolarized when + ions rush into the cell changing overall charge from negative to positive)

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Electricity vs Chemicals in a Neuron

Electricity travels within the cell and Chemicals travel the gap of the synapse

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Excitatory Neurotransmitters

They excite the next cell into firing

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Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

They inhibit the next cell from firing

(Each synaptic gap at any time may contain many kinds of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters)

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Dopamine Function

Motor movement and alertness

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Problems associated with Dopamine

Lack: Parkinson’s disease

Overabundance: Schizophrenia

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Serotonin Function

Mood control

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Problems associated with Serotonin

Lack: Clinical depression

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Norepinephrine Function

Alertness, arousal

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Problems associated with Norepinephrine

Lack: Depression

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Glutamate Function

Excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory

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Problems associated with Glutamate

Triggers migraines, seizures

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GABA Function

Important inhibitory neurotransmitter

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Problems associated with GABA

Internalizes when having seizures and can cause sleep problems

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Endorphins Function

Pain control

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Problems associated with Endorphins

Involved in addictions

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Substance P Function

Pain perception

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Problems associated with Substance P

Lack: Lack of pain perception

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Acetylcholine Function

Motor movement

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Problems associated with Acetylcholine

Lack: Alzheimer’s disease

Involved in Myasthenia gravis

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Myasthenia Gravis

Condition that causes muscle weakness and is influenced by Acetylcholine