PSYC 300- Psychological & Behavioral disorders

What are two mood affective disorder

Major depressive disorder

Bipolar disorder

What are features of the two mood disorder?

Depressed mood

Anhedonia-lack of experience pleasure ++

;no longer pleasure

Depression influences life in negative ways

What is the science behind environmental stressors for depression

HPA axis

Depression too much CRH and ACTH leading to too much cortisol

cortisol doesn’t give back to system

whole system is a candidate for depression

Monoamine hypothesis

Low monoamine doesn’t correlate to depression

change in monoamine receptors that is correlated with depression

Monoamine- Treatments

MAO inhibitors

Tricyclics

MAO inhibitors

raise monoamines quickly

2-4 weeks to feel better

become desensitized

Tricyclics

Stops reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

2-4 weeks to feel better

drug isn’t specific and may affect sleep, appetite, sex life, etc.

What is a dangerous side effect of MAO inhibitors

may inhibit liver enzymes

Serotonin hypothesis

Not enough serotonin

change in serotonin receptors that are adapting can effect depression

Serotonin: Treatments

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

take 2-4 weeks to see if person feels anything

5-HT change to sensitivity

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) side effects

People feel worse w/high lvls of serotonin; may get more depressed

those who experience suicidal ideations or attempt suicide should not take

Neurobiology-Mixed

5-HT

DA

Neurobiology-Mixed

DA

NE

Neurobiology-Mixed

CRH

BDNF-

growth factor that help regulate receptors

Animal models

Chronic mild stress

Create uncomfortable environment

mild unpredictable stressors

Animal models

Swim test

learned helplessness

What are examples of anxiety disorders

GAD

panic disorder

phobias

OCD

PTSD

What are the two hypotheses for Depression

Serotonin and dopamine hypothesis

not supported

What are the two hypotheses for Anxiety

GABA and serotonin

GABA

Keeps glutamate in check; reduce excitation

promotes inhibition

mediates anxiety, sleep, and arousal

Treatments for GABA

Sedative hypnotics

Depressants

Flunitrazepam (Roofies)

Depressants

Barbiturates; benzodiazepines

Feel tired; groggy, lethargic

dont mix with alcohol

What are the side effects to anxiety treatment

brain becomes tolerant with these drugs; needs higher dose but can be toxic

interfere with restorative sleep

Serotonin anxiety treatment

5-HT agonist (mimics serotonin)

SSRIs

What are behavioral features of depression

Sad, anhedonic

tired

withdrawn

lack of energy engagement

What are behavioral features of anxiety

Worried anxious

activated

feel amped up

hyperactive feeling

What is the overlap of anxiety and depression

60% overlap

sympathetic hyperactivity

HPA axis hyperactivity

How does virtual reality therapy help

Exposure therapy

Stimulate trauma w/vr

therapist involved

stress-coping strategies

Animal models for anxiety

Elevated plus maze

open field

Elevated plus maze

How much time the animal explores the open arms vs close are

used by drug companies

Elevated plus maze

what does this show

those who hide in closed arms have a more anxious state

Open field

Space should feel more threatening

What does the open field experiment show

if mouse lingers by the wall can have more of an anxious state

Schizophrenia

Split from reality can’t tell what’s real

Psychosis

Has positive and negative symptoms

Psychosis

break from reality

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia

hallucinations, distortions, delusions

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Anadonia(Lack of feeling pleasure)

Catatonia(Lack of muscle control)

Anadonia

Lack of feeling pleasure

Catatonia

Lack of muscle control

What is the rate of schizophrenia in people

1%

Most researched

very rare

Is schizophrenia inheritable

no

What part of the brain is affected with schizophrenia

tissue died around ventricles

ventricles enlarged

Schizophrenia:Function

Motor coordination

attention/information processing

emotion dysregulation

Which neurotransmitter is dysfunctional in schizophrenia

dopamine

too much of it

disturbed emotions no pleasure

What is the gating hypothesis

Thalamus is like a gate for those sensory signals

thalamus is too open for sensory signals

In the gating hypothesis what does the thalamus do

sends too much irrelevant information

can cause hallucinations and delusions

Schizophrenia

Dopamine hypothesis

too much dopamine

what are the two hypothesis for schizophrenia

Gating, Dopamine

Schizophrenia

what are treatments for dopamine hypothesis

Neuroleptics

DA “antagonism”- block DA

Schizophrenia

what are the side effects of Neuroleptics

Hard to stay consistent

emotionless; feel flat

can show symptoms like parkison’s

1/3 patients feel better on medication

Schizophrenia

Animal models

VERY DIFFICULT

negative symptoms

cognitive tasks

motor dysfunction