genetics chapter 16

repressors/activators

Both euks and proks have ______/________

no

Do eukaryotic cells have operons?

layers

Regulation of gene expression has more ____ in euks

chromatin

_____ influences gene expression in euks

common

Activators are more ____ in euks

territory

chromosome _____ : a space in the nucleus during interphase where each chromosome occupies a discrete domain

interchromosomal

__________ domains defines the space between chromosome domains (transcription or processing, route out of nucleus)

edges

The transcriptionally active genes are cycled to the _____ of the chromosomal territory

variant

One way to modify gene expression is to use a histone ____ which changes the nucleosome composition

loosen

Another way to modify gene expression is to use a acetyl group to ____ the DNA’s negative grip on the histone+

HAT

One enzyme used to acetylize a nucleosome is ___

HDAC

One enzyme used to DEacetylize a nucleosome is ____

rearange

Chromatin Remodeling Complexes move or ____ nucleosomes (can exchange histones for variants too) (SWI?SNF)

methylation

______ of DNA is associated with transcriptionally inactive part of chromosome (heterochromatic) (CpG islands)

heterochromatic

Gene poor area of a chromosome, very repetitive, found at telomeres and centromeres

focused

____ promoters have a specific transcription start site and is a major type of initiation for ‘lower’ euks

dispersed

_____ promoters are ones where there is a direct initiation from several weak transcriptional start sites (easier for transcription factors to bind, same gene is translated)

no

if there is no promoter can transcription still occur?

activator

The transcriptional ____ protein has two functions: bind to DNA in regulatory promotor, interact with other components

enhancer/silencer

_____/_______ can be anywhere and still effect a gene, alter transcription at a distant promoter

insulator

boundary element which restricts the range of the enhancer/silencer

mix

for many genera there can be a ___ of regulatory elements which allows for a varied expression

coordinated

____ expression is essential to gene expression

alternative

____ splicing leads to different variations in gene expression (spliceforms)

spliceforms

processing includes or removes different exons, think RNA level differences

promoters

Alternative ____ leads to different starts of transcription which can lead to different splices

polyadenylation

Alternative __________ leads to different spots which have poly-a tails which means multiple splice sites

isoforms

different forms of the same protein, single amino acid change (think protein level)

splice

RNA binding proteins determine how the mRNA should _____ (male/female flies)

degradation

________ rates determine the steady state level of mRNA

steady state

The ____ ____ of mRNA is found by the amount of mRNA available for translation

half-life

The mRNA _______ is the time it takes for half of the concentration to decay (lifetime varies by cell need)

decay

RNAse degrades the poly-A tail called deadenlyation-dependent _____

7-methylguanine

Decapping enzymes removes the _________ cap on the 5’ end of the mRNA

Endonuclease

the third step of degradation is when ______ cleaves mRNA internally

interference

RNAi is RNA ________ from a special case of gene regulation (found by adding dsRNA)

inhibited

After adding the dsRNA the RNA was diced by DICER and interacted with RISC and degraded or translation _____

siRNA

____ interacts with RISC and RITS

miRNA

____ interacts with RISC

cytoplasm

RISC interacts with miRNA and siRNA in the ______

degradation

When **siRNA** interacts with **RISC** the end result is _______

translation

When **miRNA** interacts with **RISC** the end result is inhibition of ______

transcription

When **siRNA** interacts with **RITS** the end result is inhibition of _______

methylating

RITS interacts with a ______ enzyme which causes the DNA to be temporarily unable to transcribe

lncRNA

Long Noncoding RNAs, (____), do not have start/stop codons, no proteins, influence chromatin structure, alter patterns of gene expression. function as ceRNAs. can act as a repressor, bind to microRNA (which blocks RNA interference)

ceRNA

Competing endogenous RNAs (_____) soak up miRNAs due to complementary binding sites

translational

post-________ modifications process proteins and effect ability to function as well as transportation to the necessary part of the cell