Studied by 2 peopleAir spaces
Gaps between cells in leaves that allow gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to move.
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange happens.
Asthma
A condition that makes it hard to breathe because airways become narrow and swollen.
Biological variability
Differences in biological measurements, like how many stomata are on different parts of a leaf.
Bronchioles
Small branches of airways in the lungs that lead to alveoli.
Capillary beds
Networks of tiny blood vessels surrounding alveoli where gases are exchanged.
Concentration gradient
A difference in the amount of a substance across a space, helping it to move from a high to a low concentration.
Diaphragm
A dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that helps with breathing.
Epidermis
The outer layer of cells on a plant or animal.
Gas exchange
The process of swapping gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment.
Guard cells
Cells that control the opening and closing of stomata on leaves.
Intercostal muscles
Muscles between the ribs that help with breathing.
Pathogens
Harmful microorganisms like bacteria and viruses that can cause disease.
Spongy mesophyll
Loosely packed cells in a leaf with air spaces for gas exchange.
Stomata
Small openings on the surface of leaves that let gases in and out.
Stomatal guard cells
Cells that open and close stomata to control gas exchange and water loss.
Surfactant
A substance that reduces surface tensions (prevents alveoli from collapsing)
Ventilation
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
Xylem
Plant tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Spirometry
Most common type of pulmonary test or breathing test.
Tidal Volume (TV)
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.
Vital Capacity VC
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after maximum inhalation.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
The additional air that can be exhaled abotu a normal exhalation.
Residual Volume (RV)
Volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum forceful expiration.
Transpiration
Loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants
Integral proteins
Proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer spanning across it, mostly hydrophobic, form channels or pores.
Peripheral proteins
Proteins attached to erither the out or inner surface of the lipid bilayer.
Membrane
A thin soft flexible sheet or layer especially of a plant or animal part (as a cell, tissue, or organ)
Amphipatic
A molecule having both hydrophillic and hydophibic parts
Diffusion
Net movement of particles from a tegion with a higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solution concentration.
Aquaporines
Transmembrane integral proteins with a pore that water molecules can pass through in either direction.
Channel proteins
Form pores in the membrane allloweing specific ions or molecules to pass through, can be gates so are selective.
Pump proteins
Integral protein that use energy form ATP to transport specicfic substances across the membrane, by undergoing conformational changes.
Selective permiabilty
Cell membranes allow some substances to pass through while blocking others, achieved through simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport mechanisms.
Simple diffusion
Diffusion molecules/atoms through a semipermeable membrane due to random movement. (non-selective)
Facilitated diffusion
Passive movement of particles across a membrane from higher to lower concentration via channel proteins.
Active transport
Transport aross membranes using energy from ATP.
Glycoproteins
Protein with carbohydrate chains attached, located on extracellular side of membrane involved in cell recognition and communication.
Glycolipids
Lipids with carbohydrate chains attached, located on extracellular side of membrane, involved in cell recognition and communication.
Compartmentalization
Making compartmenets within a cell to separate elements
Mitochondria
Produces ATP for aerobic cell respiration
Nucleus
Hold genetic information
Vesicles & Vacuoles
Membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport.
Microtubels & Microfillaments
Provide structure for the cell and aid movement
Chloroplasts
Provide energy for plant cells from photosynthesis
Golgi apparatus
Process and package proteins, especially to be exported from the cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesis lipids.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesis proteins, has ribosomes.
Cell Wall
Provides structure and strengths outside the cell membrane
Cell membrane
Separates the interior of the cell from the external environment.
Eukaryote cells
Plants, animals, fungi, with a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles.
Prokaryote cells
Unicellular organisms, bacteria, no nucleus, naked DNA
Carbohdrate
biomolecule made of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon
Lipid
fats and oils
Tetravalent
4 valence electrions (can make many covalent bonds)
Polymer
multiple monomers
Condenstation reaction
join monomers together to make a polymeer -> creates water
Hydrolisis reaction
break down polymers into monomers -> add water
Monosaccharides
simple sugar molecule of carbohdrates
Glucose
blood sugar and sugar produced thorugh photo synthesis
Celluose
long chain polymer of beta-glucose
Glycoproteins
proteins that have a small polymer chain of carbohdrates (oligosaccharides)
Saturated fat
zero double bonds
Monounsaturated fat
1 double bond
Polyunsaturated fat
more than 1 double bond
Saturated
containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms
Amphipatic
A molecule having both hydrophillic and hydophibic parts
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid that carried genetic infor for all living things
RNA
ribonucleaic acid one more oxygen than DNA
Messenger RNA
copy of DNA to carry genetic info
Ribosomal RNA
makes up most ribosomes
Transfer RNA
carries amino acids to ribosome
Double helix
structure of double stranded nucleic acids such as DNA
Covalent bonding
electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrions and a positively charged nucli 'sharing electrons'
Polar molecules
large difference between electronegativities
Hydrogen bonding
when hydrogen is bonded to a very electronegative element (eg oxygen)
High specific heat capacity
needs lots of heat to increase temp, so temp tends to stay the same
High latent heat of vapourisation
lots of energy for liquid to gas
Adhesive
sticks to other molecules and surfaces
solvent
likes water
hydrophillic
likes water and interacts with water
hydrophobic
doesn’t like water and doesn’t interact with water
viscosity
resistance to flow
Note
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