APUSH Period 3

unit review videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzALIXcY4pg

and

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtYC2jx1LM0

sentence 1 of Declaration of Independence

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

sentence 2 of Declaration of Independence

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --

sentence 3 of Declaration of Independence

That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

Sameul de Champlain

Founded Quebec on St. Lawrence River (Father of New France)

The courers de bois were...

French fur trappers (especially beaver)

Les voyageurs

An adventurer who journeyed by canoe from Montréal to the interior to trade with Indians for furs.

Fort Duquesne

French fort at the head of the Ohio River that Edward Braddock tried to capture (he was killed in the retreat) and was finally blown up by the French in 1758, rebuilt by the British and renamed Fort Pitt

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799) + also was in the 7 year war

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

Bejamin Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. helped draft the constitution. Lighting rod, bifocal spectacles, stove. Helped negotiate peace treaty with France

''Join or Die''

Famous cartoon drawn by Benjamin Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War

Who (arguably) started the French Indian War?

George Washington (rip lol)

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Battle of Quebec + Montreal

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

1763 Treaty of Paris

Ending the French and Indian War. British get new land (Quebec and Louisiana from the French and Florida from the Spanish), which meant no more next-door foreign enemies for Colonists. To pay for their new land and war/debt costs, the British tax the Colonists. This fuels the beginning of the American Revolution.

The Ohio River Valley Significance

The point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War. Both the French and British claimed it. They wanted the area because the rivers allowed for transportation. When the British one, they did not give this land to the colonists, which angered them greatly

The Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. This angered the colonists because they believed that they contributed their fair share to the war effort, but instead of being rewarded, they were given no land and were taxed.

The Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

The Sugar Act of 1764

The first act that Parliament passed that raised taxes on the colonies. Indirect tax on imported foods from the West Indies. Colonists became so angry that Parliament lowered the duties.

The Quartering Act of 1765

The act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

The Stamp Act of 1765 (REPEALED)

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp or seal when they bought paper items (this was the first direct tax in the colonies). The British also taxed dice, newspapers, and playing cards

Taxation Without Representation means...

Reason why colonists went to war with England. Colonists thought it was unfair to be taxed by a government that they didn't have a voice in.

The Declaratory Act of 1766

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures (yikes).

The Townshend Acts of 1767 (REPEALED)

These acts were passed by Parliament in 1767. They put a tax on British imports such as glass, white lead, paper, and tea. The acts caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its little profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Motives and Aftermath of The Townshend Acts:

Motive: The British needed even MORE money (I know lol) because they started to pay for their governors' salaries instead of the colonists (because back then the colonists would just threaten their salaries and then the British wouldn't have any actual control)

Aftermath: The Townshend Acts are attributed to causing The Boston Massacre

The Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans, one of them being Crispus Attucks (a black man)

The Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams (a Son of Liberty) consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

The Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies (essentially it gave the East India Company an unfair business advantage over colonial merchants). It also taxed the TEAAAAAA (I think you know what comes next)

The Boston Tea Party (1773)

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as native americans dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. Their leader was Edmund Burke

The Intolerable Acts of 1774

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

The Boston Port Act

A response to the Boston Tea Party, outlawed use of Boston harbor until damages were paid to the crown

The Quebec Act of 1774

The British extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens.

Significance:

Colonists feared a precedent had been established in regards to the type of government that had been established in Quebec and resented the expansion of its borders into territory to which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763.

The Continental Congress (1774)

A body of representatives from the British North American colonies who met to respond to England's Intolerable Acts. They declared independence in July 1776 and later drafted the Articles of Confederation.

What are the names of Britain's two political parties

The Whigs- The British common people, supported the colonists during the Revolution

The Tories- The British aristocrats, supported the Crown during the Revolution

The Battle of Lexington/Concord (1775)

The first battle of the American Revolutionary War! The first shot was fired anonymously and is known as known "the shot heard around the world." On April 19th, 1775, the British sent 700 soldiers into the countryside to capture cash of arms. Paul Revere hears and warns fellow colonists (The British Are Coming!!!). Soldiers were met with resistance from colonists in Lexington. A shot was fired (no one knows who it was) and this started the Revolutionary War. British won this one, but 269 British soldiers were killed or wounded.

• This information spreads like wildfire throughout colonies! Volunteers come to set up camps in Boston

Who was chosen to lead the Continental Army and why?

George Washington:

1) Was a Virginian (representing the ''loyalist'' south)

2) Had military experience (even if it was literally him causing the French Indian War lol)

3) He looked the part (yes this is cited as an actual reason by Sister Jeanne don't @ me okay)

The Continental Army was...

A ragtag team of volunteers: no military training, uniforms, a times no weapons (they would use gardening tools instead lol), and would sometimes just leave the military camps when they wanted to go homes to their wives

The Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

The first major battle of the Revolutions. The Americans had an advantage here because they were fighting from the top of a hill, and they were shooting down the British who were trying to walk up the hill in organized lines (they're too proper for American gorilla warfare). It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

The Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Pamphlet that encouraged the Colonists to fight the British, helped establish the Declaration of Independence

Republicansim

Government in which the people are represented by representatives that they elect. This was the form of governing suggested by Thomas Paine

The Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. It was not only a declaration of independence, but also war.

* Jefferson was the one who officially wrote it in a day (Reasons: he was a Virginian, he was more liked than John Adams, and he was a better writer)

The Battle of Long Island

A 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured.

Moore's Creek Bridge

Against the British and colonists. It ended British rule in North Carolina. At this battle, the Patriots used strategy to grease down and remove planks to make fighting more difficult for the British. 50 Loyalists were killed and 850 were imprisoned, ending any British hope of having Loyalists support in NC. The British slipped lost their possessions which the colonists collected and was valued at $1 million.

British headquarters during the war

1) Philly

2) New York

The Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Delaware River. The next morning, they surprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians.

* Colonists attacked them then bc they were hungover from Christmas (In Europe no one attacked on Christmas lol)

The Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben comes and trains troops

Nathaniel Greene

Commander of the Southern Patriot forces. He kept the British forces always moving. LOVED gorilla warfare and his biggest goal was to wear the British down by killing as many of them as he could, then retreating (aka never surrendering)

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight." Credited as the father of America's Navy

The Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Sam Adams

A member of the Sons of Liberty who started the Committee of Correspondence to stir public support for American independence.

Minute Men

Colonial militia members who were supposed to be ready to fight at a minute's notice

Edmund Burke

Enforced Boston Tea Act???

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Comittees of Correspondence

An independent voluntary group whos mission was to make sure that each colony knew about events and opinions in the other colonies (stay informed during da war)

The Association

Ok these were the two definitions I found:

* A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered

* A military organization formed by Benjamin Franklin which formed fighting units in Pennsylvania and erected two batteries on the Delaware River.

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America

Henry Knox

Washington's Secretary of War

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

General Gage

British general in the Revolution. He was commander in chief of the North American forces and military governor of the Province of MA Bay.

Prohibitory Act

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

1783 Treaty of Paris

Treaty which ended the American Revolutionary War. The United States won its independence from Great Britain and gained control of land stretching to the Mississippi River.

review video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKyRw1sEPQ8

The Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

The Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution (consisted of things like protection of freedom of religion, speech, and press, the right to bear arms and prohibits any cruel or unusual punishments)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Thomas Jefferson

Third President of the United States, wrote the Declaration of Independence

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist AND Democratic-Republican leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Washington Administration

(1789-96): Administration most against a party system/"entangling alliances"; pro-bank. Vice President-John Adams, Secretary of the Treasury-Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of State-Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of War-Henry Knox, Attorney General-Edmund Randolph

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy, he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.'s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.

Hamiltonians

Federalist. Powerful central government. Wanted expansion of federal power. Get support of the wealthy and willing to go into debt to turn them away from state government and toward the federal government. Get money from revenue tariffs (raise money) and protective tariffs (protect American industries). Supports Bank of the U.S.

Jeffersonians

Nineteenth-century politicians who supported Thomas Jefferson for president and had a narrow interpretation of the Constitution's Article I provisions granting powers to the federal government.Favored a weak central government, believed that common men should hold political power, and believed debt should be payed off ASAP.

Loose Construction of the Constitution

Broad interpretation of the constitution, meaning congress has powers beyond those listed in the constitution (Hamiltonians)

Strict Construction of the Constitution

A way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take (a very literal interpretation of a statute or document by a court).

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

The French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. The US citizens believed that they had partially caused this revolution, and saw it as an extension of their own.

Statement of Neutrality of 1793

A formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain (France now mad bc USA was supposed to be their ally like in the Revolutionary War but Washington thought USA was too weak to go into even more debt)

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory. Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Pickney's Treaty (1795)

Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River (aka New Orleans portssss) and the large disputed territory north of Florida.

Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

Urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, warned against long-term alliances with other nations -

Washington precedents

1. He established a cabinet. 2) He stayed in office for only two terms. 3) He remained neutral in terms of international affairs-this did not hold for all presidents, but certainly set an example.

The Adams Administration (1797-1801)

Electoral Votes:

Adams receives 71 and Jefferson receives 2nd with 68

-Adams President and Jefferson the VP

-Dirty Politics was involved on this election as well.