Comprehensive Nutrition and Food Processing: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fiber, and Preservation Techniques

What is the primary use of amino acids within the protein metabolism?

Produce metabolic structures and build, repair, maintain cells

3 multiple choice options

All population subgroups are recommended to take similar daily amounts of protein per body weight.

false

Which of the following nutritional actions can help to reduce risk of death?

Replacing meat protein with plant protein

How many calories are in a gram of protein?

4 Calories/g

What is the recommendation for protein intake by the dietary reference intakes?

10-35% of total calories

How many grams (approximately) of protein a day would you recommend for a person that weighs 210 pounds based on 0.8 grams per kg body weight (1 kg = 2.2 pounds)?

76 grams

How many grams of protein would a 3 oz. (one serving size) piece of meat provide?

21 grams

How many grams (approximately) of protein would provide 25% of total calories on an 1,800 calorie a day diet?

113 grams

Which of the following is an incomplete protein?

Almonds

Which of these would not lead to a meal with complete proteins?

Vegetables and beans

Most individuals need 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. However, some individuals need more protein. All of the following groups of individuals need more protein except:

Healthy middle-aged women

Is there added sugar in unflavored cow's milk?

no

1 multiple choice option

Which of the following describes a whole grain product?

Includes the germ, endosperm, and bran of the grain used as ingredients

The fiber recommendation for women is

28 grams a day

Which food would best increase fiber intake compared to their more common counterpart?

Apple juice---Fresh, apple, raw

1 multiple choice option

What are the top three contributions to dietary fiber consumption in the U.S.?

Breads, fruits, and vegetables

Which of these is associated with the benefits of fiber?

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

The enzyme that breaks down starch is:

amylase

Which of the following is not a source of carbohydrates?

Hamburger meat

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following health concerns is not related to high sugar intake?

Diarrhea

A good way to decrease sugar in the diet is to drink fewer sugar containing beverages and substitute with water.

true

1 multiple choice option

What is the major source of added sugar consumption in the U.S.?

Soda and energy drinks

Urine color can be used as a marker of ______ status.

Hydration

After a ____ % loss in total body water, function and performance begins to decline in athletes.

2

Post workout hydration should be completed to replace _____% of fluid loss.

About 150%

Simple sugars include all but the following:

Amylopectin

Carbohydrates should not be consumed during intense workouts.

False

Which of the following nutrients increases in use in the body as activity intensity increases?

Glucose

Fat is the primary macronutrient used in the body for recovery and rebuilding of muscles.

False

What nutrient does the body most rely on when performing high-intensity activity?

Carbohydrates

Which of these products is not extruded?

Deli meats

The extrusion process applies all of these to food, except:

Prolonged processing time

Appertization is also known as:

Canning

What type of packaging material is suitable for aseptic processing and packaging?

Multi-layer cartons

What is the target microorganism and log reduction for a commercial sterilization process?

Clostridium botulinum, 12-logs

The goal of cleaning/washing is uniformity

False

Which of the following is NOT something blanching is used for?

Separate by size

High Temperature, Short Time (HTST) pasteurization is usually done at the following conditions:

71.5oC for 15 seconds

Who was the pioneer of using heating process to preserve food?

Nicholas Appert

The main goal of thermal processes with a lethality step is to eliminate pathogen microorganisms and reduce spoilage microorganisms.

True

Which of these was a method of food processing used in the pre-historic ages?

Salting

Which of the following is not a primary-processing operation?

Pasteurization

Which of the following is not true about drying?

Increases the mass and volume of products

3 multiple choice options

When a ____________ is used, the final product is a fine powder.

spray dryer

Which of the following thermal processes is not used as a lethality step?

Drying

Drying improves the shelf life of a product by all of these, except:

Changing the quality attributes of the product

Water activity is a measurement that relates to the amount of:

Water available in the product for chemical reactions and microbial growth

A dryer that operates under vacuum will require the use of ________ temperatures to achieve the same drying obtained with dryers operating under atmospheric pressure.

Lower

All of the following dryers remove water from the product by evaporation, except:

Freeze dryer

The main goal of low temperature processes is to improve product shelf-life.

True

Which of the following is the most common method of freezing?

Air freezing

Which of the following types of freezing is very rapid and is achieved when a product comes into contact with vapors at -30 to -40oC?

Cryogenic freezing

Which of the following is not a priority when choosing packaging materials?

That the packaging complies with organic regulations

What would be the main function of packaging materials that are working to protect products from rancidity?

Barrier to light and oxygen

UNL's pilot plant assists the food industry in testing products and processes before implementation within their own facilities.

true

1 multiple choice option

How long does it typically take to freeze dry a batch of product in the pilot plant freeze dryer?

24 hours

How much pressure can the HPP machine withstand?

90,000 psi

Which of the following foods/items did not undergo a change in product characteristics after going through HPP?

Deli meat

Products are packaged prior to being processed in the retort.

true

1 multiple choice option

What pressurizing fluid is used in the HPP machine used by UNL pilot plant?

Water