apush unit 8 flashcards

USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

a period of ideological and political tension between US + USSR and allies

Iron Curtain

metaphor that described ideological and physical division of Europe after WWII

Korematsu v US

Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional to imprison Japanese Americans during WWII

Roosevelt Corollary

addition to Monroe Doctrine, assert US' right to intervene in affairs of Latin American nations

FDR Policy/New Deal

relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of economy, reforms of financial system

FDR's Four Freedoms

speech and expression, worship, want, fear

Cold War

period of high tension between the US and Soviet Union

Soviet Union

communist state, advocating for classless society, state control of economy

Containment

US foreign policy to prevent communism

Truman Doctrine

1947, pledged American support for democratic nations; against communist threats

Lend Lease Act

authorized the US to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed vital to American defense, support allied power in WWII

Marshall Plan

allocated ~13 billion dollars in financial aid for European countries to rebuild

Berlin Blockade

Soviet blocked off land access to West Berlin

Berlin Airlift

US, UK, France supplied city with resources via air to prevent communist takeover

NATO

political and military alliance of countries from Europe and North America from Soviet Union

Sputnik 1

1957, first artificial satellite to orbit earth; launched by Soviet Union

Warsaw Pact

military alliance between Soviet Union and Eastern European Countries during Cold War; counter NATO

Nuclear Proliferation

spread of nuclear weapons, technology, and fissile materials to countries that don't have them

Hydrogen Bomb

nuclear weapon that fueled Cold War's nuclear arms race, more destructive than atomic bomb

Korean War

North Korea (China) v South Korea (UN); created division of Korean Peninsula; North used nuclear Soviet Union supplies

Yom Kippur War/Ramadan War

Egyptian and Syrian forces put a surprise attack on Israel; US intervened on the behalf of Israel

McCarthyism

aka Second Red Scare; political repression and fear of communism

Taft-Hartley Act

restrict union activities and power; protect employee rights; pledge not communist

Rosenberg Case

couple accused of giving Soviet's information on atomic bomb; communists; electrocuted

Effects of 2nd Red Scare

freedom of labor unions suppressed, Hollywood directors jobless, cold war tension increased

John Foster Dulles

Secretary under Eisenhower, anti-communist, stop spread of communism

Decolonization

process where colonies become independent of colonizing country

Fidel Castro

leader of Cuba; communist; overthrow US government, align Cuba with Soviet Union

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed 1961 military invasion of Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro

Cuban Missile Crisis

13 day confrontation between US and Soviet Union after US found Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba

Domino Theory

if South Vietnam became communist, other countries would as well

Ho Chi Minh

president of North Vietnam, communist

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

series of events in August 1964, attacks by North Vietnamese on US destroyers

Tet Offensive

surprise attacks by Viet Cong and North over South; force US to negotiate or withdraw

Vietcong

South Vietnamese communist faction that fought against US and South

Great Society

set of domestic programs by Lyndon to end poverty, reduce crime, abolish inequality, and improve environment

Medicare

provide federal funding to people over 65

Medicaid

provide federal funding to people in poverty

Office of Economic Opportunity

government agency in 1964 by Lyndon to combat poverty

Warren Court

period of judicial activism to expand civil rights and liberties by Justice Earl Warren

Wainwright

if a person is impoverished and cannot afford attorney, state must provide one

Griswold v Connecticut

laws which forbade the use of birth control were unconstitutional

Engel v Vitale

school prayer unconstitutional, separation of Church and state by 1st Amendment

Baker v Carr

decided states must redraw their legislative districts so that they uphold voting rights

NAACP

organization for civil rights

Executive Order 9981

ban segregation in US armed forces; by Truman

Nation of Islam (NOI)

Black nationalist and Islamic movement advocating for self-empowerment, racial pride

Committee on Civil Rights

by Harry Truman, investigate ways to strengthen and protect civil rights

24th Amendment

abolish poll tax

Brown v The Board of Education

outlawed racial segregation in public schools; overturned Plessy v Ferguson

Southern Manifesto

document that condemned Brown v Board of Education decision as an abuse of judicial power and encroachment on states' rights

Little Rock Nine

9 African American students enrolled into HS; led to violence

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger sparking a boycott

Stokely Carmichael

head of SNCC, preached overtaking white Americans, Black Power, anti-war, create society apart from white society

Washington

former slave, founded Tuskegee Institute, educator

Children's Crusade

black children marched peacefully against segregation in May 1963

March on Washington

massive peaceful demonstration in 1963, "I Have a Dream" Speech

MLK v Malcolm X

MLK believes in no violence v Malcolm X believes when necessary use violence

Black Panthers

black power political organization that used violence when necessary

Black Power

racial pride and creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black interests

Civil Rights Act

made discrimination on the basis of race, religion, or sex illegal

Voting Rights Act

prohibit racial discrimination in voting booth by outlawing literacy tests and poll taxes

Loving v Virginia

struck down state laws banning interracial marriage

Feminine Mystique

by Betty Freidan

National Organization for Women

organization for women's rights to get equal opportunity and equal pay for professional careers

Title IX

1972, banned any discrimination on the basis of gender on education, secure funding for women's sports teams

Equal Rights Amendment

proposed in 1923 but failed to ratify, aimed to ensure equality of rights and stop discrimination on the basis of sex

Sexual Revolution

widespread use of birth control & antibiotics to treat STDs, made casual sex with partners the norm

Roe v Wade

1973 case, states could not prohibit women from having abortions

Misandry

hatred of men

Chicano Movement

social and political movement in 1960s-1970s advocating for rights and empowerment of Mexican Americans

United Farm Workers

labor union that fought for the rights of migrant farm workers, advocate for better wages and working conditions, Latinos

Hernandez v Texas

Supreme Court ruled that Mexican Americans are entitled to equal protection under 14th Amendment

American Indian Movement

activist movement to reclaim Native American rights and heritage

Occupation of Alcatraz Island

19-month occupation by Native American activists to protest government policies; spark Red Power Movement

Gay Liberation Movement

movement advocating for LGBTQ+ rights

Stonewall Inn

site of pivotal 1969 riots in LGBTQ+ rights movement

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill)

include benefits for WWII veterans including education, low-cost mortgage, and low-interest loans

Sunbelt

southern and southwestern states that experienced economic, industrial and demographic growth after WWII

Mass Culture

Television, Advertising, Rock & Roll, Credit Cards

Beatniks

poets rebel against conformity

Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act)

national quota system that severely restricted immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe and Asia; favored Northern and Western Europe

Prominent Immigrant groups in 1920s-1930s

Southern and Eastern Europe; Italians, Poles, Russians

Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)

1960, conservative youth organization that led to rise of conservative movement, limit power of federal government, support war of Vietnam, contain communism

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

1960, student organization of the New Left that advocated for "participatory democracy" and protested against injustices in society

Port Huron Statement

1962 political manifesto by SDS, call for participatory democracy

Kent State Massacre

1970 anti-Vietnam War protests that led to National guard killing/shooting college students

1973-4 Oil Crisis

triggered by Arab oil embargo; led to increase of oil prices; lead to stagflation

Silent Spring

by Rachel Carson

Earth Day

first celebrated in 1970 to promote environmental awareness

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency, created to protect human and environmental health

Clean Air Act

legislation to control air pollution

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

federal corporation that generates electricity and manages the Tennessee River; brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing; part of New Deal

John Birch Society

right wing political advocacy group, anti-communist, supported social conservatism, limited gov

Stagflation

inflation combined with economic stagnation

The Watergate Scandal

members of group associated with Nixon broke into Democratic National Committee headquarters and planted listening devices, led to Nixon resignation

Affirmative Action

policies to increase opportunities for historically underrepresented groups

Bakke v The University of California

ruled that race could be a factor in college admissions to promote diversity