NEE - India - to show how rapid economic development can lead to significant social, environmental and cultural change.

Where is India located?

South Asia.

It borders China to the north east. Pakistan is located to the west, and nepal and Bhutan to the north.

It’s the seventh largest country in the world by area.

How is India divided?

Into 3 main regions - the first is the mountainous Himalayan region in the northern part of the city., then the indo-gangetic Plain, where most of India’s large scale agriculture occurs. The third is the plateau region in the southern and central portions of the country.

What is India’s climate like?

It is varied, but is tropical in the south and mainly temperate in the north.

What is India's population?

1.46 billion, making it the world’s most populous country.

What is India's capital?

New Delhi

What major languages are spoken in India?

Hindi, English, and more than 20 other official languages.

What major religions are in India?

Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism.

What is the life expectancy in India?

64 years for men, 68 for women.

Describe India's government?

India was a British colony until 1947, but now has it own democratically elected government.

What is India’s HDI / level of development?

0.61

What percent of India’s population live in poverty?

Over 15%

What is India’s adult literacy rate?

Its estimated to be around 80%.

What is India's post colonial economy?

After achieving independence in 1947, it embarked on a largely protectionist (some say isolationist) approach to economic development.

It was to stimulate the previously depressed market.

The country adopted a politico-economic framework of parliamentary democracy to sustain a self reliant economy.

This meant FDI (foreign direct investment) became very restricted, so the domestic industry was encouraged to produce goods for the Indian market rather than importing foreign-produced items.

India's economy continued in this way until the 1980s.

How did India's economy change after the 1980s?

In the 1980s, there was a small growth in manufacturing.

The turning point came in the 1990s when India threatened to default (fail to pay) on its loans (it had the third largest foreign debt in the world - $72bn).

It was forced to adopt a significant set of economic reforms in exchange for the largest loan ever given by the international monetary fund (IMF) at the time.

The isolationist policies of post colonial India encouraged family-run companies to grow and expand and some have now become major driving forces in the Indian economy.

What economic reforms were introduced in 1991?

Import quotas (limits on quantities of particular goods imported) were removed, tariffs (taxes on imports) were reduced.

Foreign direct investment was significantly freed up.

What is an example of outward investment in India?

Tata.

India’s second largest company. Its grown to become an important investor in foreign markets, including the UK.

It’s diversified into wide-ranging markets such as satellite TV, steel, tea and insurance.

A relatively new market Tata is investing in is frugal engineering: innovations designed for the growing middle classes of India who still have relatively low incomes but aspire to higher standards of living.

How have India's imports and exports changed?

They trebled 2002 and 2012, helping the country become wealthier.

India imports raw materials and products from many countries. Highest value imports come from places including Chine, the United Arab Emirates and the USA.

India's highest value exports go to the USA, UAE, Singapore and China.

What is a country’s industrial structure?

The percentage of people working in each job type.

Changing the balance between these four sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) can help a country to develop.

Describe India's primary industry.

Involves getting raw material from the lan, eg farming or mining.

Employs 49% of the working population, but is becoming a smaller part of India’s economy.

Makes up only 17% of its GDP.

Describe India's secondary industry.

The making of products out of raw materials, eg food processing and car manufacturing.

Employs 22% of the workforce. They provide people with more reliable jobs compared to eg seasonal agricultural work.

Selling manufactured goods overseas brings more income into India than selling raw materials.

Describe India's tertiary industry.

Provides a service, eg doctors and teachers.

Is the largest contributor to its GDP, driven by IT, finance, healthcare, education.

tertiary and quarternary industries employ around 30% of the population.

Tertiary and quarternary industries contribute 53% to India's GDP.

Describe how India’s main type of industry has changed.

Up until the 1980s, India’s main type of industry was primary.

Many people were subsistence farmers, which isn't very profitable.

From the late 1980s, the Indian government encouraged TNCs to set up within the country. Factories were built and secondary jobs in manufacturing were created.

Factory workers earn more money, which means they can afford to pay people for services, such as entertainment and healthcare.

Workers in the tertiary (service) sector are paid more than in primary and secondary.

The additional wealth generated from the changing industrial structure has created a multiplier effect.

Describe India's quaternary industry.

Includes ICT and research, eg computer software designers and scientists.

Tertiary and quarternary industries employ around 30% of the population.

Lots of this is due to the growth of the IT sector. Tertiary and quarternary industries contribute 53% to India's GDP.

Describe TNCs in India.

Many TNCs have set up factories and offices in India.

The country is attractive for TNCs because the population speak good English, have strong IT skill and people work for lower wages than in many other counties.

Companies like Toyota, Volvo and Hyundai manufacture cars in India.

What are some advantages of TNCs in India?

They've created many jobs and offered education and training to employees.

The companies help the development of the country by bringing in technology and knowledge the host country doesn't possess.

The additional wealth has led to the multiplier effect.

Some TNCs have set up schememes to provide new facilities for local communities.

TNCs pay tax to the government, which can be spent on development projects.

What are disadvantages of TNCs in India?

Some corporation leaders have taken advantage of the relaxed environmental laws in the ountry by creating lots of pollution.

The wages paid to local workers are often low and some companies have been accused of exploiting the local workforce rather than benifitting it.

Many TNCs are owned by foreign countries so economic leakage occurs, where profit is sent abroad.

Ften the jobs are highly skilled and the company brings their own people to do them.

What is an example of a TNC in India?

Unilever - one of the world’s biggest food and consumer goods manufacturers.

Hindustan Unilever Limited is its Indian division.

TNC in India - what are advantages of Unilever?

Employs 16,000 people in India

Hindustan Unilever has annual sales of over $4.5 billion.

Unilever’s ‘Project Shaki' helps poor women in rural villages become entrepreneurs by providing loans and product for them to sell in places that Unilever would otherwise struggle to supply.

Unilever also works with charities to help run hygiene education programmes and provide sanitation to 115 million people in India.

TNC in India - what are disadvantages of Unilever?

Some profits from TNCs leave India. Unilever is a Dutch-British company.

Mercury-contaminated glass from a Unilever factory in Kodaikanal ended up in a waste dump instead of being safely disposed of. Mercury is a poisonous chemical that can cause environmental damage and health problems, eg. Brain damage.

Unilever did remove the waste and dispose of it safely and now monitors the area and those affected, however environmental and public interest groups remain unhappy.

What were the millennium development goals? (MDGs)

15-year targets set by the UN in 2000. The targets aimed to improve levels of development in poorer countries, including India.

the goals were:

Eradicating poverty and hunger

Achieve universal primary education

Promote gender equality

Reducing child mortality.

Improving maternal health.

Combat HIV/AIDs, malaria and other diseases

Develop a global partnership for development.

Ensure environmental sustainability.

What millennium development goals progress has India made?

Reduced the number of people living below the poverty line.

Decreased gender disparities in schools

Increased percentage of households with access to clean, safe water.

Reduced number of women who die during or straight after childbirth.

Reduced spread of HIV / AIDs, malaria and other diseases.

What more needs to be done in India to increase the quality of life (and reach MDGs)?

Percentage of households with adequate water is still too low.

Role and status of women in the workplace is still lower than that of men.

Literacy rates are improving but still too low.

How has India’s quality of life improved?

the quality of life for some Indian people has improved dramatically over the last 30 years.

India's daily wages has increased by about 42 Rupees since 2010.

Health and hygiene improvements has increased life expectancy from 38 to 68 within a generation.

However, the West mass of India's rural populationremains impoverished.

What are the environmental impacts of economic development in India?

A recent report found environmental degredation costs India $80 billion per year, or 5.7% of its economy.

According to a recent WHO survey, across the G-20 economies, 13 of the 20 most polluted cities are in India.

Demand for natural resources can lead to the destruction of habitats, eg mining in Karnataka.

India’s capital, Deli, is the most polluted city in the world

What are the environmental improvements of economic development in India?

Increased income from economic development means people can afford to protect the environment. Eg, since 1990, India's forest cover has stopped decreasing and started to grow.

The national green tribunal is an environmental court set up in India in 2010 that deals with issues of the environmental protection and conservation, and it can make companies and individuals pay comensation under ‘polluter pays’ principle.

The national green tribunal is helping to clean India’s cities, for example, the e-waste recycling system, where old electronic equipment is broken down and re-used.

What is short term aid? Give an example.

Aid needed after sudden disasters.

The UK sent 10 million pounds, a rescue team and 1200 tents to India after an earthquake in 2001.

This helps with the immediate disaster relief but often not able to help longer-term recovery effortts.

What is long term aid? Give an example.

Money given for a specific project over a long period of time.

Until 2015, India received over 200m pounds each year from the UK to tackle poverty.

The impacts of this can vary. India had had problems with corruption and aid doesn't always reach the poorest people.

What is tied aid?

Aid that's given with conditions attached.

What is charitable aid? Give an example.

Raised by dontions from charities.

After the 2001 earthquake in India, NGOs like oxfam provided supplies and temporary buildings.

What is bilateral aid?

When one country gives money to another. Only 2 countries are involved.

What is multilateral aid?

When more than one country gives money, eg through the World Bank.

What is ‘Top-down’ aid?

When an organisation or government receives the aid and decides where it should be spent.

Often large projects like dams (the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada) for hydroelectric power or irrigation schemes.

Can improve a country’s economy but may not improve the quality of life of the poorest people.

What is ‘bottom-up’ aid?

Money given directly to local people.

WaterAid trains local people to maintain village hand pumps in rural India.

These small scale projects can have a large impact.

Schemes are generally supported by local people and can improve health, skills and income.

What aid has the UK given to India?

The UK government gives India over 200 milllllion pounds per year.

The money has been spent on projects that have helped the ountry to progress.

UK aid has been used to improve standards of education, health and sanitation in India and for projects to help small businesses.

In 2015, the UK government said India now had a better economy and didn't need the money. They said India spends an estimated 600m pounds on its programme to launch rockets so doesn't need it any longer.

What are the stages of the Democratic Transition Model? (DTM)

1 - high fluctuating

2 - early expanding

3 - late expanding

4 - low fluctuating

5 - decline

Describe stage 1 of the DTM.

High fluctuating stage.

Birth and death rate are high and fluctuating.

Natural increase is low due to eg no birth control, many children dying, spread of diseases.

Ony includes a few remote tribes in the Amazon rainforest with little contact to the outside world.

Describe stage 2 of the DTM.

Birth rate is high, death rate is decreasing rapidly.

Natural increase is becoming high.

Many children mean more workers. People still have large families in the hopes a few will survive, but infant mortality has decreased.

Improvements in sanitation and water supply and in food supply.

Includes poor countries with very low levels of economic development (LICS) Eg Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Somalia.

Describe stage 3 of the DTM.

Late Expanding stage

Birth rate decreasing, death rate is low.

Natural increase is high but becoming low.

Due to introduction of family planning and birth control.

Lower infant mortality rates so less need to have big families.

More women staying in higher education, marrying later and pursuing careers.

NEEs are mostly in stage 3, eg, brazil, Bangladesh, Chile.

Describe stage 4 of the DTM.

Low fluctuating stage of DTM.

Birth rate and death rate low (may fluctuate). Natural increase is low.

Due to introduction of family planning and birth control.

Lower infant mortality rates so less need to have big families.

More women staying in higher education, marrying later and pursuing careers.

Canada, Japan, USA, UK.

Decline stage of DTM.

Birth and death rates are low. Natural decrease occurs.

Due to introduction of family planning and birth control.

Lower infant mortality rates so less need to have big families.

More women staying in higher education, marrying later and pursuing careers.

A few rich countries, mainly in Europe.