Chem final

ammonium

NH₄⁺¹

acetate

C₂H₃O₂^-1

bicarbonate

HCO₃^-1

chlorate

ClO₃^-1

chlorite

ClO₂^-1

cyanide

CN^-1

hydroxide

OH^-1

nitrate

NO₃^-1

nitrite

NO₂^-1

carbonate

CO₃^-2

chromate

CrO₄^-2

dichromate

Cr₂O₇^-2

peroxide

O₂^-2

sulfate

SO₄^-2

sulfite

SO₃^-2

phosphate

PO₄^-3

perchlorate

ClO₄^-1

hypochlorite

ClO^-1

perbromate

BrO₄^-1

bromate

BrO₃^-1

bromite

BrO₂^-1

hypobromite

BrO^-1

periodate

IO₄^-1

iodate

IO₃^-1

iodite

IO₂^-1

hypoiodite

IO^-1

permanganate

MnO₄^-1

oxalate

C₂O₄^-2

what is a redox reaction

a reaction where the atoms transfer electrons, changing their oxidation states

how to find oxidation state of an atom in a compound

charge on the periodic table

how to use an activity series

a more reactive element will replace a less reactive element

how to find percent composition

mass of the individual element / mass of the compound x 100

how to find empirical formula

percent → grams → moles → divide by the smallest number of moles

what is the difference between molarity and molality

molarity measures moles of solute per liter of solution while molality measures moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

oxidizing agent vs reducing agent

oxidizing agent is the element that receives the electrons and reducing agent is the element that gives the electrons

how to balance a redox reaction in acidic solution

split it into oxidation and reduction reactions, balance the existing elements, balance O with H₂O and H with H⁺ ions, balance charges with e^-, combine the reactions and cancel common elements

what is R in PV=nRT when referring to atm

0.08206

what is R in PV-nRt when referring to Pa

8.314

what is the formula for finding how fast gasses diffuse

rate of effusion for gas 1 / rate of effusion for gas 2 = square root of molarity of gas 1 / square root of molarity of gas 1

what determines how fast a gas diffuses

molecular mass (heavier = slower)

what is the formula for change in internal energy of a system

E = q +w

what is the formula for enthalpy of formation

H_f = H_products - H_reactants

what does the 1st quantum number represent

which energy level the electron in is

what does the second quantum number (l) represent

what shape the orbital of the electron is (s = 0, p = 1, d = 2, f = 3)

what does the third quantum number represent

tells which specific orbital the electron is (ranges from the -l to positive l)

what does the fourth quantum number represent

the spin of the electron (arrow pointing down = -1/2, arrow pointing up = 1/2)

what is aufbau’s rule

electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy

what is pauli’s rule

no electrons in the same orbital can have the same spin

what is hund’s rule

electrons will only only double up in orbitals after each orbital has one electron in it

what are isoelectronics

atoms with the same number of electrons

how to find the size of isoelectronics

more protons = smaller

how does bond energy relate to bond length

the closer the bonds, the more bond energy they have

what are the exceptions to the octet rule

hydrogen (2), helium (2), boron (6)

what is electronegativity

an atom’ ability to attract electrons

what is the formula for bond energy of a reaction

sum of the bond energy of the reactants - sum of the bond energy in products

what are the 2 main things that determine lattice energy

atomic radius of the elements and electronegativity of the elements (smaller radius = more lattice energy, more electronegativity = lattice energy)

what makes a resonant structure more ideal

neutral charge on the central atom and/or negative charge on the most electronegative atom

what are the 3 main parts of the localized electron model

hybridization, lewis structures, VSEPR theory

what is a precipitation reaction

when two solutions are mixed and an insoluble substance called a precipitate forms

what is an acid-base reaction

reaction where an acid and base form water and a salt