Chapter 30 - The Making of Industrial Society

What was the name of the giant firm in Germany that dominated mining, metallurgy, armaments production, and shipbuilding?

a. Whitney

b. Marx

c. Krupp

d. Engels

e. Bismarck

c. Krupp

A zaibatsu was

a. a powerful Japanese trade union.

b. the Japanese governmental organization that controlled the actions of powerful monopolies.

c. the Japanese tradition wherein the nobles were exempt from taxation.

d. the Japanese equivalent of a trust.

e. a code of conduct for Japanese samurai.

d. the Japanese equivalent of a trust.

The author of the Manifesto of the Communist Party was

a. Rousseau.

b. Fourier.

c. Lenin.

d. Marx.

e. Owen.

d. Marx.

According to Marx, all of human history had been a history of

a. the search for freedom.

b. the quest for religious self-awareness interfering with the development of the peasantry.

c. class struggle.

d. industrial integration.

e. the search for equality.

c. class struggle.

Count Sergei Witte was

a. the Russian nobleman who seized the throne after an economic collapse.

b. the Russian foreign minister whose disastrous trade policies blocked Russian advancement.

c. the Russian radical who founded the Bolsheviks.

d. the Russian nobleman who stood as the chief obstacle to Russian industrialization.

e. the Russian finance minister who pushed for industrialization.

e. the Russian finance minister who pushed for industrialization.

The first steam-powered locomotive was George Stephenson's

a. Lightning.

b. Meteor.

c. Comet.

d. Blazer.

e. Rocket.

e. Rocket.

Industrialization

a. gave the young a much better life.

b. had almost no influence on women.

c. strengthened the family bond.

d. often tore working class families apart.

e. gave middle-class women greater economic flexibility.

d. often tore working class families apart.

What did Marx refer to as the "opiate of the masses"?

a. religion

b. Utopian socialism

c. social status

d. private property

e. money

a. religion

Which of the following was NOT a problem that plagued Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and south and southeast Asia?

a. They were too reliant on one crop.

b. Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a small group of people.

c. Foreign investors owned and controlled the plantations.

d. Both native and foreign financial interests adopted an anti-free-trade policy.

e. They depended too heavily on exporting primary products with no industrialization.

d. Both native and foreign financial interests adopted an anti-free-trade policy.

Marx and Engels proposed that capitalism divided people into two classes. The classes were

a. the capitalists and the proletariat.

b. the workers and the peasantry.

c. the capitalists and the middle class.

d. the proletariat and the nobility.

e. the capitalists and the bourgeoisie.

a. the capitalists and the proletariat.

The invention of the flying shuttle

a. gave the British an unquestioned military advantage.

b. made the steam engine possible.

c. powered the first steam-driven locomotive.

d. sped the weaving process and increased the demand for yarn.

e. led to the passage of the Calico Acts.

d. sped the weaving process and increased the demand for yarn.

Beginning in the 19th century, industrializing lands experienced a social change known as the demographic transition when

a. the fertility rate increased dramatically.

b. the rural population increased dramatically.

c. the fertility rate began a marked decline.

d. 60 percent of the people were 55 years old and older.

e. the majority of the population was college educated.

c. the fertility rate began a marked decline.

The dominant form of industrial organization in Europe, the United States, and Japan by the end of the 19th century was

a. the putting-out system.

b. the factory system.

c. the guild system.

d. a socialist-directed economy.

e. cottage industry.

b. the factory system.

Marx and the communists believed that private property

a. would be the foundation of the post-revolutionary world.

b. should be divided up on a more equitable basis.

c. should be abolished.

d. should pass into the ownership of the workers.

e. would be the only aspect of industrial society that would survive the revolution.

c. should be abolished.

Over the long haul, trade unions

a. stood out as the most radical critics of industrial society.

b. were completely unsuccessful in improving the conditions of the working class.

c. dramatically increased the chances for a revolution through their ties to Marxian socialists.

d. fell under Communist control.

e. reduced the likelihood of a revolution by improving the lives of working people.

e. reduced the likelihood of a revolution by improving the lives of working people.

The growing demand for cotton cloth in the 18th century threatened British

a. naval strength because of the dramatically rising cost of sails.

b. educational dominance.

c. monopoly over the Chinese silk trade.

d. wool producers.

e. trade with the Americas.

d. wool producers.

Cheaper iron was produced after 1709 when British smelters began to use what substance as a fuel?

a. coke

b. charcoal

c. gasoline

d. kerosene

e. wood

a. coke

Marx suggested that music, art, and literature

a. represented the peasants and were, thus, useless.

b. were the "opiate of the masses."

c. served the purposes of the capitalists because they diverted the workers from their misery.

d. were the only aspects of the modern world that had not been contaminated by the capitalists.

e. should be used by the communists to facilitate the revolution.

c. served the purposes of the capitalists because they diverted the workers from their misery.

On a global scale, industrialization

a. led all nations to industrialize in the same way at the same time.

b. led to economic equality between nations.

c. promoted a new international division of labor.

d. actually reduced international trade because of competing tariffs.

e. reduced the importance of colonies.

c. promoted a new international division of labor.

The Luddites

a. were crafts workers who destroyed textile machines.

b. were the industrial workers that Marx felt would be the eventual victors in the revolution.

c. promoted industrial advancement through their work in Parliament.

d. led the movement away from traditional crafts manufacture and toward the factory system.

e. were the first Utopian Socialist thinkers.

a. were crafts workers who destroyed textile machines.

Interchangeable parts were invented by

a. Henry Ford.

b. Henry Bessemer.

c. George Stephenson.

d. Josiah Wedgwood.

e. Eli Whitney.

e. Eli Whitney.

In Japan, industrialization took place

a. on a western European model except for the lack of powerful trusts or cartels.

b. only after World War II.

c. on a Chinese rather than a western European model.

d. with the active support of imperial authorities.

e. despite the opposition of imperial authorities.

d. with the active support of imperial authorities.

Most of Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa

a. remained part of the British empire.

b. industrialized on a model completely different from that of the western Europeans.

c. was industrialized by the mid-nineteenth century.

d. did not industrialize and depended on exporting primary products.

e. was industrialized by the early twentieth century.

d. did not industrialize and depended on exporting primary products.

In America the petroleum monopoly, Standard Oil Company was owned by

a. Henry Bessemer.

b. John D. Rockefeller.

c. Andrew Carnegie.

d. George Stephenson.

e. Robert Owen.

b. John D. Rockefeller.

By 1900, the world's four biggest steel producers were

a. United States, Germany, Britain, and Russia.

b. Britain, Germany, Russia, and Japan.

c. United States, Germany, Britain, and France.

d. United States, France, Russia, and Japan.

e. United States, Germany, France, and Russia.

a. United States, Germany, Britain, and Russia.

The industrial revolution began in

a. Italy.

b. Great Britain.

c. Russia.

d. the United States.

e. France.

b. Great Britain.

Crucial to industrialization was

a. the leadership role taken by the Luddites.

b. the leading role that Russia provided in technology.

c. the replacement of human and animal power with inanimate sources of energy such as steam.

d. the willing support of the major industrial unions.

e. the peasants' planned and willing relocation to the cities.

c. the replacement of human and animal power with inanimate sources of energy such as steam.

Marx believed that the final result of the socialist revolution would be the

a. "realization of freedom."

b. "opiate of the masses."

c. "dictatorship of the proletariat."

d. "complete inversion of the class hierarchy."

e. "usurpation by the proletariat of the bourgeois hegemony."

c. "dictatorship of the proletariat."

In the 1880s Otto von Bismarck

a. crushed the German trade union movement so thoroughly that it didn't return for over fifty years.

b. converted to communism.

c. dramatically reduced the rights and benefits of German workers.

d. introduced medical insurance and unemployment compensation for German workers.

e. agreed to recognize German trade unions if they would publicly renounce their ties to the communists.

d. introduced medical insurance and unemployment compensation for German workers.

The first efficient means of contraception without negative side effects was

a. the condom.

b. the pill.

c. the diaphragm.

d. the intrauterine device.

e. surgical sterilization.

a. the condom.

Throughout most of the 19th century, employers and governments

a. saw the trade unions as the single best alternative to Marxian-type class revolution.

b. tried to convince trade unions to switch their allegiance from communists to socialists.

c. readily established their own trade unions.

d. viewed trade unions as illegal associations designed to restrain trade.

e. worked closely with the trade unions to improve the conditions of the working class.

d. viewed trade unions as illegal associations designed to restrain trade.

Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand

a. relied on a socialist mode.

b. industrialized and eventually out-produced and out-competed the western Europeans.

c. remained backward economically because they relied entirely on exporting primary goods.

d. exported primary goods but also underwent economic development and industrialization.

e. never industrialized.

d. exported primary goods but also underwent economic development and industrialization.

By 1900, half the world's oil was produced by

a. Nigeria.

b. Persia.

c. the United States.

d. Saudi Arabia.

e. Russia.

e. Russia.

James Watt invented a more efficient steam pump when

a. he restructured the engine's compressor.

b. he figured out how to make a piston turn a wheel for rotary motion.

c. he invented a more efficient method of steel production.

d. he redesigned the flying shuttle.

e. he copied and consolidated several important American inventions.

b. he figured out how to make a piston turn a wheel for rotary motion.

James Watt's steam engine did not adapt well to transportation uses because

a. it consumed too much coal.

b. the heat, combined with the vibrations of movement, caused instability in the structural integrity.

c. it weighed too much to be supported by rubber tires.

d. it used too much gasoline to be cost efficient.

e. the engine grew too hot and often exploded.

a. it consumed too much coal.

Henry Bessemer's innovations made it possible to produce cheaper

a. oil.

b. iron.

c. steel.

d. cotton.

e. wool.

c. steel.