Chapter 21 - Ideologies and Upheavals

Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna

a meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain), restoration France, and smaller European states to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814

1815

When was the Congress of Vienna?

“Concert of Europe” ; Klemmens von Metternich

What was the alternate name for the Congress of Vienna and who lead it?

Restoration of France’s Bourbon dynasty (Louis XVIII), Reparations, and Really big states

What were the 3 goals of the Congress of Vienna?

Conservative

The Congress of Vienna was a _____ reaction of the liberal French Revolution

Holy Alliance

an alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in 1815 that became of symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements across Europe

Carlsbad Decrees

issued in 1819, these oppressive regulations were designed to uphold Metternich’s conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations

Metternich’s Conservatism

rooted in the pessimistic view of human nature, believed in conservative ways and viewed liberalism dangerous in an ethnically diverse Austrian Empire

Liberalism

ideology whose principal ideas were liberty and equality - demanded representative government as opposed to autocratic monarchy, equality before the law as opposed to legally separate classes, and individual freedoms like free press, speech, assembly, and worship

Laissez-Faire

a doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy

Nationalism

the idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, which often led to the desire for an independent political state

Socialist

a backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property

proper government organization/intervention to establish a sense of unity absent in the industrial age

Socialists advocated for:

Marxian Socialism / Marxism / Communism

an influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state

Proletariat

the industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie

Bourgeoisie

the upper-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Marx, exploited the working class proletariat

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

published the “Communist Manifesto,” the ‘bible’ of socialism, in 1848

violent uprising of the working class

Unlike socialists who called reform to benefit the working class, Marx called for a:

Romanticism

an artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life

“Liberty Leading the People”

Eugene Delacroix

“The Third of May”

Francisco Goya

“The Wanderer”

Casper David Friedrich

“Slave Ship”

Joseph Turner

“Frankenstein”

Mary Shelley

“1812 Overture”

Tchaikovsky

3rd Symphony

Ludwig von Beethoven

“Religion is the opium of the masses”

Marx Quotes to remember:

“Revolutions are the locomotives of history”

Marx Quotes to remember:

“The history of all previous societies has been the history of class struggles”

Marx Quotes to remember:

“let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries unite”

Marx Quotes to remember:

Nature, intense emotion, and nationalism

Characteristics of the Romantic movement:

Greek Revolution

nationalist revolution in Greece in 1830, where liberal Greek revolutionaries, along with aid from other European countries, defeated the Ottomans

Corn Laws

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to place high tariffs on imported grain, thus benefitting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people

Tory

conservative political party in Britain who represented the old population of the landed aristocracy who favored a mercantilist economy

Whig

classical liberal political party in Britain who represented the new population of urban business owners who favored laissez faire economics

bettered the lives for the common people in Britain, as both parties tried to pass certain policies to gain popularity

Competition between the Whigs and Tories:

Peterloo Massacre

the army’s violent suppression in 1819 of a protest that took place at Saint Peter’s Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws