Renaissance / Age of Exploration

SS 10 - missing some information just refer to notes

Individualism

emphasizes the moral worth of the individual

Secularism

belief in separation of religion from civic affairs and government

Humanism inspired by Greek & Roman ideas

the idea rational thought is superior to unquestioning faith

Civic humanism

application of humanism to civil service

Petrarch

father of humanism

rediscovered ancient texts

emphasised individual emotional experience

Machiavelli

Wrote “The Prince” - advice to rulers

machiavellian

“The end justifies the means”

Role of women in the Renaissance

Limited but growing social opportunities

Notable Women: Isabella d’Este, Laura Cereta

Minor challenges to trad. gender roles

Printing press (Gutenberg)

Johannes Gutenberg invented the first mechanized movable-type printing press in Europe around 1440 in Mainz, Germany.

Revolutionized information dissemination by enabling the mass production of books, drastically reducing costs and increasing literacy rates.

Renaissance vs Middle Ages Art

Secular Geometric Humanism:

-Mathematic perspective

-Realism

-Humanism

-Reflecting Greek and Roman mythological references

Focus - scientific naturalism: Close observation of the natural world

Fall of Constantinople

The most important motive for the age of exploration - 1453

the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.

Gold, Glory, God

The idea that led the first voyages of Expansion (esp. in Spain)

Prince Henry the Navigator

age of discovery

in Portugal

Never sailed anywhere

Started the school for navigation

Columbian Exchange

the widespread transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World

Disease

Europeans brought diseases which affected the natives

Population decline (Indigenous peoples)

Disease and murder

Agricultural exchange (new foods)

American crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, cassava, sweet potatoes, and chili peppers became important crops around the world.

Encomienda system

Encomienda was a royal grant of authority to conquistadors to demand labor services from indigenous people in Spanish colonies. The system was a means of encouraging colonization without the Spanish Crown having to shoulder the entire expense of the colonial expedition. Spanish-born at the top

Conquistadors

Spanish and Portuguese military adventurers who explored, traded with, and colonized parts of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania during the 16th century, serving as the vanguard of the Spanish and Portuguese empires. The term, meaning "conqueror,"

Las Casas & Sepúlveda Debate

Valladolid debate (1550-1551)

Las Casas believed that the view of indigenous free men in natural order; stance on war: unjust

Sepulveda believed that the exploitation was necessary for suppressing their crimes

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Institution of slavery not as moral failing, but as an economic necessity required to fuel profitability of American plantation

terrible middle passage conditions

fuelled the growth of western countries but decreased such growth in Africa

Forced migration

involuntary or coerced movement of individuals or groups away from their home or home region due to factors beyond their control.

Triangular Trade

leg 1: manufactured goods

leg 2: enslaved africans/middle passage

leg 3: raw materials