IGCSE Geography Edexcel- Globalisation and Migration

Define the term globalisation: (4 marks)

It is the process which countries are being gradually drawn together into a single global economy

-This is a result of growing network of economic, communication and transport links

-Countries are increasingly becoming dependent on each other this means economic decisions and activities made by one country could affect others

What are the factors that cause Globalisation (4 marks):

1. Appearance of large (TNC) Transnational Corporation with diverse business interests spread across the globe

2. Growth of trading blocs e.g European Union (EU) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). By encouraging free trade between member countries , the barrier effects are broken down. Increase in global trade

3. Development of modern transport

Capable of moving people and commodities quickly and relatively cheap. Reduces the friction of distance

4. Advancements in Information technology and communications

Important data and decisions can be sent around the globe in seconds. Decisions can be quickly transmitted. Can easily check on different office branches and factories

What is a TNC? (2 marks)

A large company operating in a number of countries and often involved in a variety of economic activities.

What is a trade bloc? (2 marks)

A group of countries drawn together by trade agreements promoting free trade between them.

What are the different workings of a global economy? (5 marks)

1. Trade- export, import raw materials, food, goods and services

2. AID- either as a donor or receiving nation; much aid is of an economic nature

3. Foreign investment-TNCs are able to exploit economic opportunities around the world

4. Labour- economic migration, move in search of work or better lifestyle. TNCs look out for cheap labour

5.Information-Fast transfer of data and decisions

Define product chains: (3 marks)

-Also known as commodity chains or supply chains. Consists of a number of stages involved in the making of a particular product. Value is added to the emerging product at each stage (It is a pathway along which goods travel from producers to consumers)

What is the role of the IMF? (3 marks)

International Monetary Fund (1944)- Aim is to ensure exchange rates between currencies of the world remain stable. Runs a system of international payments. Involves flows of money which are vital to the workings of global economy. Sustainable economic growth, financial stability and reduce poverty around the world.

What is the role of the WTO? (2 marks)

World trade organisation (1995)- promote free and fair trade between countries and to ensure that every trading nation keeps to the rules of international trade.

What is the role of the World Bank? (2 marks)

(1944) Provides low interest loans and technical help to developing countries.

Aims are to reduce poverty and help development.

Supports wide range of projects from education, health, agriculture and infrastructure.

What are NGOs? Name a few: (3 marks)

Non-governmental organisations- Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), Oxfam International, Red Cross and Red crescent. Efforts are targeted at poverty and hunger.

What is the importance of production chains? (2 marks)

Production chains and TNCs across the globe bring countries together into a network of interdependence

What are the advantages of production chains and TNCs? (4 marks)

-maximises sales and profits

-to sell inside trade barriers

-to take advantage of incentives offered by the government

-to be able to operate without too many restrictions

-to be able to be close to major markets

What is voluntary migration? (2 marks)

when people choose to move inside their country or migrate to another for better job opportunities of lifestyle

What is counter-urbanisation? (2 marks)

People move from crowded cities to smaller urban settlements

What is an economic migrant? (2 marks)

A person seeking work in another country

What is forced migration? (4 marks)

Occurs when people have no choice but to move from where they live due to natural hazards such as volcanic eruptions or earthquakes

-one of the biggest causes is war and persecution

What is a refugee? (2 marks)

A person who fears being persecuted on account of their race, religion or social group lives outside their country or nationality

What is an asylum seeker? (2 marks)

A refugee who has applied for citizenship of a country they have sought protection

What is a Internally Displaced Person? (IDP) (2 marks)

A person forced to flee their home for the same reason as a refugee or to escape natural disasters but they do not cross an internationally recognised border

What is a returnee? (2 marks)

A refugee, asylum seeker or IDP who voluntarily returned to their own country

What are the push and pull factors of migration? (4 marks)

Push:

-Harsh climate

-Poverty

-Unemployment

-Civil war

-Heavy taxes

Pull:

-Cheap land

-No hazards

-plenty of work

-better lifestyle

-good welfare services

What are the factors of Migration? (3 marks)

1. Modern transport- move migrants there quickly and cheaply

2. Modern Communication - Migrants are able to move comfortably without the risk of an unknown or unwelcoming destination. e.g learning a new language before moving to that country

3. Relaxing the national boundaries- relaxing boundaries allow immigrants to enter the country easily

Discuss the costs and benefits that TNCs bring to countries in which they locate (9 marks):

Benefits:

1-Set up trade links with other countries

2-Jobs created

3-Infrastructure developed

4-Skills training of local labour

5-Foreign currency earned from exports

6-Investment in new technology

Costs:

1-Profit driven

2-Profits 'leak' out of the country

3-Exploitation of workers

4-Little regard for the environment

5-New technology may reduce workforce

What are disadvantages of TNCs? (2)

Poor countries will increase in development gap between rich nations of the world. Countries hosting TNCs get richer if they have corrupt government officials

What are the main causes of the rise in tourism? (5 marks)

1. Economic- more disposable income

2. Communication- mass media and greater awareness of foreign countries

3. Social- more leisure time and paid leave

4. Political- easy border control for tourists, countries understand how important tourism is and relax border controls

5. Transport- faster and cheaper, hotel cruise ships, high speed rail network, private jets

What are the social-cultural issues with tourism? (4 marks)

- Tourist can easily offend the traditional values of local people and their behaviour

-Drinking too much alcohol and being loud and offensive

-Ignoring local dress codes and revealing too much skin

-Encouraging crime

-Eroding the local language by using too much english

-Failing to behave in a proper way in churches, temples and mosques

What are some environmental issues with tourism? (4 marks)

-The clearance of important habitats such as mangroves to provide building sites for hotels

-The overuse of water resources

-Pollution of the sea, lakes and rivers by snorkelers and scuba divers

-Disturbance of wildlife by safari tourism, fishing and hunting

-Traffic congestion, air and noise pollution

Case Study: Spain's Costa Blanca

[Information card]

[] Growth of cheap package holidays in the 1960's transformed the coastal area

[] Filled with high rise hotels, holiday apartments, cafes and restaurants

[]Growth of mass tourism form jobs, improvements in infrastructure benefiting local residents and visitors. (Multiplier Effect)

Case Study: Spain's Costa Blanca

How did the high numbers of tourists negatively impact the country? (4 marks)

-Increased in pressure on limited resources

-High demand for water in areas where it is scarce

(tourists use twice as much water per day as local residents)

-Production of waste

-Increased urbanisation of coastal regions as more hotels and buildings are built damaging local ecosystems

-Increased in holiday homes, take up more land

-High levels of pollution from cars, aircrafts and boats

What is geopolitics? (2 marks)

The study of the relationships (economic and political) between countries and its geographical features

The power of a country comes from geographical features such as.....(3 marks)

-A strategic global location

-A large, well educated population

-A wealth of natural resources

-Strong military forces

-High level of economic development

-Command of modern technology

Case Study: The UKs management of Immigration

[Information Card]

(1945) After the second world war UK open its doors for immigrants, many from the Indian Empire

[] At this time the UK had a shortage of labour as so many were killed in the war

[]The post war reconstruction of the country to repair massive amount of bomb damage also created a huge demand for labour

Case Study: The UKs management of Immigration

[Information Card]

Why did the UK start managing the number of immigrants coming in?

[] There were over 1 million commonwealth in the UK by 1971

-UK decided to control the numbers

What is Ecotourism? (2 marks)

A form of tourism that tries to minimise its impact on the environment.

Use of local resources, labour while profits are enjoyed within the local area

Case study :

The Gambia- tourism

Why is it difficult to make tourism sustainable in Gambia?

[Information card]

[] Tourism is in the hands of European package tour operators so most of the profits 'leak out' of the country

[] There are a few untouched areas that might be converted, given special protection and designated as natural reserves

[] Feeding the tourists provides the stimulus for good farming, however, many of the of the goods and services needed to support tourists during their stay must be imported

[] Tourism is concentrated on the coast; some efforts are being made to attract more visitors

Case study :

Bhutan-ecotourism

[Information card]

[] Bhutan's tourist attractions are spectacular mountain scenery and rich buddhist cultural heritage of ancient temples and shrines

[] Tourism began in 1974 when the King realised that the new hotels built to accommodate guests at his coronation could be used for tourism which generated foreign exchange and provide the means for the country's economic development

[]The emphasis of tourism in the country is on conservation of the natural environment and culture

[] The government's tourist strategy tightly controls the volume and potential impacts of tourism

Case study :

Cyprus

What are the ways this country makes tourism sustainable?

[Information card]

[] The Cyprus Sustainable Tourism Initiative (CSTI). Its purpose is to encourage a more sustainable form of tourism through:

-Preserving, conserving and protecting the environment

-A better more efficient use of natural resources

-Reducing the carbon footprint of tourism

-Improving the conditions of those communities disadvantaged by tourism

Case study :

Cyprus

What are the projects and events included to make tourism more sustainable?

[Information card]

[] 'Greening' the beaches -maintaining the overall cleanliness of beaches by organising beach cleaning events, ensuring that in-shore waters are not polluted

[] Encouraging rural tourism away from the coast- developing the skills of women in various tourist activities, such as providing accommodation, producing arts and crafts and preparing local foods

[] Managing water, energy and waste- reducing water consumption levels

[] Relying more on renewable energy (solar) and reducing the use of plastic and overall plastic waste