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Traditional Management
Managerial style focused on decision-making, planning, and controlling (32% of the time)
Communication
Managerial style focused on exchanging information and processing paperwork (29% of the time)
Human Resources Management
Managerial style focused on motivation, disciplining, managing conflict, staffing, and training (20% of the time)
Networking
Managerial style focused on socializing, politicking, and interacting with others (19% of the time)
Organizational Behavior (OB)
A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structures have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness (studies what people do in organizations and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance)
Systematic Study
Looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence
Evidence-based management
basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence
advocates against making decisions “on the fly”
Intuition
An instinctive feeling not necessarily supported by research
Psychology
the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans other animals
Social Psychology
An area of psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology to focus on the influence of people on one another
Sociology
The study of people in relation to their social environment or culture
Anthropology
The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities
Contingency Variables
Situational factors or variables that moderate the relationship between two or more variables
Globalization
The process in which worldwide integration and interdependence is promoted across national borders
Workforce diversity
concept that organizations are becoming more heterogenous in terms of gender, age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and other characteristics
Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS)
An area of OB research that concerns how organizations develop human strengths, foster vitality and resilience, and unlock potential
Ethical dilemmas and ethical choices
situations in which individuals are required to define right and wrong conduct
Model
An abstraction of reality, a simplified representation of some real-world phenomena
Inputs
Variables like personality, group structure, and organizational culture that lead to processes
Processes
Actions that individuals, groups, and organizations engage in as a result of inputs and that lead to certain outcomes
Outcomes
key factors that are affected by some other variables
Attitudes
Evaluative statements that employees make, ranging from positive to negative, about objects, people or events
reflect how we feel about something
3 components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral
Stress
A psychological process in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important
Task Performance
The combination of effectiveness and efficiency at doing core job tasks
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
Discretionary behavior that contributes to the psychological and social environment of the workplace
Withdrawal behavior
The set of actions employees take to separate themselves from the organization
Group Cohesion
The extent to which members of a group support and validate one another while at work
Productivity
The combination of the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization
- considered this if an organization achieves its goals by transforming inputs into outputs at the lowest cost level
Group functioning
The quantity and quality of a group’s work output
greater than the sum of individual task perfomances
Effectiveness
The degree to which an organization meets the needs of its clientele or customers
when it attains its sales or market share goals
Efficiency
The degree to which an organization can achieve its ends at a low cost
ROI, output per hour of labor
Organizational Survival
The degree to which an organization is able to exist and grow over the long term
depends on an organization’s productivity and environmental fit
Critical Thinking
Involves purposeful and goal-directed thinking used to make decisions or form judgments related to a situation or set of circumstances
Communication
Defined as the effective use of oral, written, and nonverbal communication skills for multiple purposes; effective listening; and the ability to evaluate the effectiveness of communication efforts
Collaboration
Skill in which individuals can actively work together on a task
Knowledge application and analysis
Defined as the ability to learn a concept and then apply that knowledge appropriately in another setting to achieve a higher level of understanding
Social Responsibility
Includes skills related to both business ethics and corporate responsibility
Business ethics
Includes sets of guiding principles that influence the way individuals and organizations behave within the society that they operate
Corporate Social Responsibility
Form of ethical behavior that requires that organizations understand, identify, and eliminate unethical economic, environmental, and social behaviors
Person-job fit theory
A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover
Person-organization Fit
A theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values and leave when there is no compatibility
Person-group fit
poor fit in this area can lead to lower job satisfaction and reduced performance
Personality
The sum of ways in which an individuals reacts to and interacts with the world around them
Personality Traits
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types
Big Five Model
A personality model that proposes five basic dimensions (conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness) encompass most of the differences in human personality
Conscientiousness
A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized
Emotional stability
characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and secure (positive) versus nervous, anxious and insecure (negative)
Extraversion
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Openness to experience
A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imaginations, artistic sensitivity, and curiosity
Agreeableness
A personality dimension characterized by someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting
Dark Triad
A constellation of negative personality traits consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy
Machiavellianism
The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify the means
helps in short-term but not long-term
Narcissism
Tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement
can be hypersensitive and fragile
Psychopathy
The tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm
Core Self-Evaluations (CSEs)
bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person
higher is better
Self-monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors
higher scores show less commitment to organizations, but better performance ratings
Proactive personalities
people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
Situation Strength Theory
A theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation
its components are: clarity, consistency, constraints, and consequences
Trait Activation Theory (TAT)
A theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others
- using this, you can foresee which jobs suit certain personalities
Values
Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence
Value system
a hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity
Terminal Values
Desirable end-states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during their lifetime
prosperity, economic success, freedom, health and well-being, world peace, and meaning in life
Instrumental values
Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values
autonomy, self-reliance, personal disciplines, kindness, and goal-oriented behavior
Power distance
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally
higher means more inequality
Individualism
A national cultural attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups
Collectivism
A national cultural attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them
Masculinity
A national cultural attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control.
societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism
Femininity
A national cultural attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles
high rating means women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of society
Uncertainty Avoidance
A national cultural attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them
Long-term oriented cultures
a national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence
- believe the world is constantly changing
Short-term orientation
A national cultural attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change
Surface-level diversity
Differences in easily perceived characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, or disability, that do not necessarily reflect the way people think or feel but that may activate certain stereotypes
Deep-level diversity
differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become progressively more important for determining similarity as people get to know one another better
Discrimination
Noting a difference between bad things; not necessarily a bad thing, but it is if it is unfair
Unfair discrimination
making judgments about individuals based on stereotypes regarding their demographic group
Stereotyping
Judging someone based on one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs
Stereotype threat
The degree to which we are concerned with being judged by or treated negatively based on a certain stereotype
Biographical Characteristics
Personal characteristics—such as age, gender, race, length of tenure—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.
representative of surface-level diversity
Race
The heritage people use to identify themselves
Ethnicity
The additional set of cultural characteristics that often overlaps with race
Cultural Identity
A link with the culture of family ancestry that lasts a lifetime, no matter where the individual may live in the world
Cultural Intelligence (CQ)
Ability to function with people of various cultural backgrounds, which can enable employees to work more effectively with one another in organizations
Ability
An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job
two types: intellectual and physical
Intellectual abilities
The capacity to do mental activities - thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
General mental ability (GMA)
An overall factor of intelligence, as suggested by the positive correlations among specific intellectual ability dimensions
Physical abilities
The capacity to do tasks that demand stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics
Diversity management
The process and programs by which managers make everyone more aware of and sensitive to the needs and differences of others
Fault Lines
The perceived dimensions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, work experience, language, and education
Cognitive Component
The opinion or feeling segment of an attitude
- “my pay is low”
Affective Component
The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude
- “I am angry over how little I’m paid”
Behavioral Component
An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something
“I’m going to look for another job that pays better”
Cognitive Dissonance
Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes between behavior and attitudes
Organizational Identification
The extent to which employees define themselves by the same characteristics that define one’s organization, forming the basis for which attitudes are endangered
Job Satisfaction
A positive feeling about one’s job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics
A person high in this holds positive feelings about the work
If low, it is the best predictor of intent to leave
Job Involvement
The degree to which an employee identifies with a job, actively participates in it, and considers performance important to their self-worth
a person high in this strongly identifies with and cares about the kind of work they do; as such, they tend to be more satisfied with jobs
Organizational Commitment
The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization
emotional attachment to an organization is the gold standard for employee commitment
Psychological empowerment
employees’ belief in the degree to which they affect their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy in their work
Perceived Organizational Support (POS)
The degree to which employees believe an organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being
Employee engagement
The degree of enthusiasm an employee feels for their job