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Pain

Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

Acute pain

Pain that lasts for hours to weeks and is usually caused by surgery, trauma, or medical procedures.

Chronic pain

Pain that lasts for months to years and is often associated with conditions such as arthritis, back pain, or cancer.

Analgesics

Medications used to manage pain.

Tolerance

A state in which the body becomes less responsive to the effects of a drug, requiring higher doses to achieve the same level of pain relief.

Physical dependence

A state in which the body adapts to the presence of a drug and experiences withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

Addiction

A chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug-seeking behavior and drug use despite harmful consequences.

World Health Organization (WHO) Three Step Analgesic Ladder

A guideline for initiating opioid therapy in the management of pain, starting with non-opioid analgesics and progressing to opioids as needed.

Non-narcotic analgesic agents

Medications that provide pain relief without the risk of addiction or dependence.

Narcotic analgesic agents

Medications that provide pain relief but carry a risk of addiction and dependence.

Pharmacist

A healthcare professional who plays a role in the management of pain by providing medication counseling, monitoring for drug interactions, and ensuring safe and effective use of pain medications.

Nociceptive pain

Pain that arises from the activation of sensory nerves in response to tissue damage.

Neuropathic pain

Pain that is caused by damage to the nerves themselves, often due to conditions such as diabetic neuropathy or post-stroke pain.

Classification of pain

The categorization of pain based on factors such as the type of pain (nociceptive, neuropathic, inflammatory), pain intensity (mild, moderate, severe), or duration of pain (acute, subacute, chronic).

Non-nociceptive pain

Pain that is not caused by activation of sensory nerves, such as psychogenic pain or pain associated with central or peripheral nervous system dysfunction.

Somatic pain

Pain that originates from the skin, muscles, bones, joints, or ligaments.

Visceral pain

Pain that originates from the internal organs.

Malignant pain

Pain associated with cancer or cancer treatment.

Prognosis

The predicted course and outcome of a disease or condition.

Dependence and tolerance to medication

The development of a physical dependence on pain medication and the need for higher doses to achieve the same level of pain relief.

Psychological component

The presence of psychological factors that can influence the experience and perception of pain.

Organic cause

The presence of an underlying physical condition or disease that is causing the pain.

Environmental/family issues

The impact of the patient's environment and family dynamics on the experience and management of pain.

Insomnia

Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, often associated with chronic pain.

Treatment goal

The desired outcome of pain management, which may include pain relief, improved functionality, and reduction of associated symptoms such as depression.

Nociceptors

Sensory nerves that detect and transmit signals of tissue damage or potential injury to the brain, resulting in the perception of pain.1. Nociceptive:Direct stimulation of pain-sensitive neurons located in soft tissue, bone, and joints that contain nociceptors.

Neuropathic (Non-nociceptive)

Pain caused by damage or dysfunction of the nervous system, such as diabetic neuropathy or post-herpetic neuralgia.

Somatic Pain

Pain that is localized and originates from the skin, muscles, or bones.

Visceral Pain

Pain that originates from the internal organs and is often poorly localized.

Acute Pain

Pain that is short-term and typically caused by injury or surgery.

Chronic Pain

Pain that persists for an extended period of time, often longer than three months.

Goals of Treatment

The objectives of pain management, including providing rapid and effective analgesia, treating the underlying cause, and minimizing adverse effects.

Goals of Therapy

The objectives of managing chronic pain, including addressing medical and psychological factors, promoting or restoring function and role performance, and preventing work absence.

Pain Assessment

The process of evaluating and measuring pain, often based on the patient's description and history.

Laboratory Tests

There are no specific laboratory tests for pain diagnosis; it is primarily based on patient description and history.

Pain Assessment Tools

Various tools used to measure and assess pain, including simple one-dimensional scales (verbal rating scale, numeric rating scale, visual analog scale) and multidimensional questionnaires.

PQRST Assessment

A method of pain assessment that evaluates the site, quality, radiation, severity, and timing of pain.

Patient Assessment

Gathering information about the patient's pain, including location, onset, character, radiation, associations, time course, exacerbating/relieving factors, and severity.

Psychosocial Assessment

Evaluating the impact of pain on the patient's mood, daily life, work, sleep, relationships, and expectations/goals in pain management.1. Substance abuse:A patient's history of using drugs or alcohol excessively.

Caffeine

A stimulant found in coffee, tea, and other beverages.

Herbal use

The use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes.

Disease condition

The specific illness or medical condition a patient is experiencing.

Biopsychosocial Model of Pain

A model that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and managing pain.

Pain behavior

How a person expresses or reacts to pain.

Social support

The assistance and comfort provided by family, friends, and community.

Pain coping

Strategies and techniques used to manage and alleviate pain.

Marital condition

The state of a person's marriage or relationship.

Self-efficacy

A person's belief in their ability to successfully accomplish a task or goal.

Medication intake

The consumption of medication for pain relief.

Helplessness responses

Feelings of powerlessness or inability to control pain.

Cognitive distortion

Distorted or irrational thoughts and beliefs about pain.

Treatment outcomes

The results or effects of pain treatment.

Analgesia

The relief or reduction of pain.

Activities of Daily Living

The basic tasks and activities necessary for daily functioning.

Adverse effects

Unintended or negative effects of medication.

Aberrant drug taking

Deviant or inappropriate use of medication.

Physical dependence

A physiological response to regular use of opioids.

Tolerance

The need for higher doses of opioids to achieve the same level of pain relief.

Addiction

Compulsive and nonmedical use of drugs.

Drug-seeking behavior

Actions taken to obtain drugs for nonmedical purposes.

Pseudoaddiction

Behaviors and attitudes that arise from inadequate pain relief.

Pharmacological intervention

The use of medication for pain management.

Non-pharmacological approach

Treatment methods that do not involve medication.

Multimodal

The simultaneous use of multiple analgesic agents with different mechanisms of action.

Onset of action

The time it takes for a medication to start working.

Peak effect

The point at which a medication has its maximum therapeutic effect.

Duration of action

The length of time a medication remains effective.

Half-life

The time it takes for half of a medication to be eliminated from the body.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of how a medication is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body.

WHO Analgesic Ladder

A stepwise approach to pain management recommended by the World Health Organization.

Non-opioids

Medications that provide pain relief without containing opioids.

Weak opioids

Medications that contain a low dose of opioids and are used for moderate pain.

Moderate pain

Pain that falls within a certain range on a pain scale.

Analgesics

Medications used to relieve pain.

Strong opioids

Potent pain medications used for severe pain.

Morphine

A strong opioid medication used for severe pain.

Fentanyl

A strong opioid medication available in transdermal patches and injectable form.

Oxycodone

A strong opioid medication available in various strengths.

Hydrocodone

A strong opioid medication.

GI bleeding

Gastrointestinal bleeding, a potential side effect of NSAIDs.

Renal toxicity

Kidney damage or dysfunction caused by certain medications, including NSAIDs.

COX-2 enzymes

Enzymes involved in the production of inflammatory substances in the body.

Peripherally acting analgesics

NSAIDs that work by reducing pain at the site of inflammation and trauma.

Aspirin

A type of NSAID with additional effects on platelet function and gastrointestinal irritation.

NSAID hypersensitivity

Allergic reaction or sensitivity to NSAIDs.

Naproxen

An NSAID medication used for pain relief.

Ibuprofen

An NSAID medication used for pain relief.

Diclofenac

An NSAID medication used for pain relief.

Platelet function

The ability of platelets to form blood clots.

NSAID-induced hypersensitivity reactions

Allergic reactions caused by NSAID use.

Selectivity

The degree to which a medication targets specific enzymes or receptors in the body.

COX-2 selective

NSAIDs that primarily target COX-2 enzymes.

Semi-selective

NSAIDs that have some selectivity for COX-2 enzymes but still retain activity for COX-1.

Nonselective

NSAIDs that do not have selectivity for COX-2 enzymes.

CV events

Cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks or strokes.

GI side effects

Gastrointestinal side effects, such as stomach ulcers or bleeding.

First-Line

The initial choice or preferred treatment option.

Transdermal

Administration of medication through the skin, typically using patches.

Rectal route

Administration of medication through the rectum.

Parenteral

Administration of medication through injection, typically subcutaneous (SQ) or intravenous (IV).