Get Psyched- Unt 8

clinical psychogy

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DIsorders (DSM-5)

* published by the apa
* describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders

Psychological disorder

A pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that cause:


1. significant life distress
2. impair the ability to function
* or both

Insanity

NOT a psychiatric diagnosis, but a legal term used in court

Biological perspective

* cause of mental health problems are issues with physical structures in the brain or body (neurotransmitters, specific brain areas, etc)
* most popular view in US

psychoanalysis perspective

abnormal behavior is the result of conflicts and repressions of the unconscious mind

Humanistic perspective

mental health issues are the result of failing to each or realize our own potential

behavioral perspective

mental health issues have learning as their basis

cognitive perspective

focuses on how abnormal thoughts and beliefs can lead to the development of mental health issues

Sociocultural perspective

analyze how cultural factors may contribute to psychological disorders

The Rosenhan experiment

* wanted to test the efficacy of psychiatric diagnosis
* him and 7 others fakes auditory hallucinations to gain access to a psychiatric hospital
* behaved as normal in the hospital, showing no symptom of a disorder
* all but one left with a diagnosis of “schizophrenia in remission”
* used as evidence that diagnosis is irreversible and the stigma stays

Neurocognitive disorder

* Category of disorders that are characterized by decreased mental function as a result of a medical disease, not a psychiatric one
* ex- alzheimer’s

Neurodevelopmental disorder

* manifests early in development and are characterized by developmental deficits that cause impairment in personal, social, and academic life
* ex- adhd, autism

Schizophrenia

characterized by an impaired ability to function as a result of disordered beliefs, perceptions,m and thoughts

Positive symptoms

when someone has a symptom that typical people do not experience

Negative symptom

when someone has a symptom that results in them lacking something typical people have

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

* delusions
* hallucinations
* unorganized thoughts

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

* flat affect (lack of emotion)
* alogia (disruption in thought/speech)
* avolition (lack of motivation)

Delusions

false beliefs

hallucinations

false perceptions

The dopamine hypothesis

states that the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the result of the over-production of the neurotransmitter dopamine

Bipolar disorder

A mood disorder involving periods of depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement

Bipolar I

Manic episodes- requires hospitalization

Bipolar II

hypomanic episodes

Cyclothymic disorder

Moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as biploar

Major depression

extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness, causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Episodes of depression that occur typically during the fall and winter months

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

Chronic feelings of depression that is often less severe than major depression

Mania

A sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thoughts and speech

hypomania

less severe than manic symptoms, does not require hospitalization

Anxiety disorders

A category of psychological disorders in which extreme anxiety is the main diagnostic criteria

anxiety

an unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension, and worry

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

characterized by constant feelings of anxiousness over a wide variety of life circumstances

Panic disorder

Sudden and extreme episodes of anxiety that rapidly escalates

Agoraphobia

Strong irrational fear of leaving the house because of the chance of experiencing a panic attack

Phobias

strong irrational fear of something specific

Social anxiety

extreme and irrational fear of being embarassed or judged in public

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

mental disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors or mental actis a person feels driven to perform

Obsessions

Repeated intrusive, and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress

Comulsions

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that form in order to prevent or reduce anxiety or distress, or to prevent a dreaded event or situation

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A disorder triggered by exposure to a highly traumatic event which results in:


1. intrusive and involuntary memories
2. negative changes in thoughts, moods, and emotions
3. persistent state of heightened physiological arousal

Dissociative Disorder

A category of psychological disorders in which extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity impair the ability to function

Dissociative amnesia

partial or total inability to recall important personal information

depersonilization

feeling of being an outside observer to one’s own mind

Dissociative identity disorder

the presence of two or more distinct personality states or an experience of recurrent periods of amnesia

Dissociative amneisa with fugue

travel away from home and take on a new identity

Somatic symptom disorder

An individual experiences one or more somatic symptoms that cause distress in daily life

Conversion disorder

one or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function but with no physiological problems

Illness anxiety disorder

the preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness

Factitious disorder

when someone deceives others by appearing sick or by purposely getting sick

Factitious disorder imposed on another

when someone falsely claims another, generally a child, has physical or psychological symptoms

Anorexia Nervousa

Somatic conditioned characterized by a distorted body image with a fear of being overweight, leading to major restriction of food

Bulimia Nervosa

Distorted body image. Characterized by maintaining body weight by performing inappropriate actions to avoid weight gain after eating, such as purging, laxative use, and over-exercising. Usually leads to a binge.

Binge eating

Having a low ability to regulate hunger, leading to eating mass amounts of food in a short about of time and feeling unable to stop.

Drug dependence

the need to take more of a drug regularly to avoid withdrawal symptoms

withdrawal

unpleasant physical reaction as well as high drug craving when a person has not recently taken a drug

commonly abused substances

cannabis, nicotine, alcohol, opiates