Neuroscience Exam 3 (copy)

Musical ability is generally a \___ hemisphere specialization

right

Land ability is localized in the \____ hemisphere for most people

left

All languages have common \_____ characteristics stemming from a genetically determined constraint

structural

Language is universal in

human populations

Wernicke's Area is located where in the brain

posterior, at the rear of the left temporal lobe

Wernicke's area is a what area

speech area

Wernicke's area regulates

language comprehension

Wernicke's area is also called

posterior speech zone

Broca's area is located where in the brain

left hemisphere

Broca's area is a what area

speech area

Broca's area functions with the

motor cortex

Broca's area works with the motor cortex to produce

the movements needed for speaking

Aphasia

inability to speak or comprehend language despite the presence of normal comprehension or intact vocal mechanisms

Wernicke's aphasia is

inability to understand or produce meaningful language even though the production of words is still intact

Broca's aphasia is the

inability fluently despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mechanisms

Penfield used a weak electrical current to

stimulate the brain surface

Penfield: Auditory cortex/A1

patients often reported hearing various simple sounds

Penfield: Wernicke's area

apt to cause some interpretation of a sound

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

imaging technique that detects changes by measuring altered uptake of compounds such as oxygen or glucose

Zatorre and colleagues: passively listening to noise burst activates

the primary auditory cortex

Zatorre and colleagues: listening to words activates

the posterior speech area, including Wernicke's area

Zatorre and colleagues: making a phonetic discrimination activates

the frontal region including Broca's area

Major components of the motor system

forebrain, brainstem, spinal cord

Forebrain

conscious control of movement (planning and initiating)

Brainstem

more automatic movements

Spinal Cord

more automatic movements

With impaired brainstem or spinal cord function, the forebrain can

imagine movements but no longer produce them

Subcortical basal ganglia helps produce

the appropriate amount of force for grasping

The cerebellum helps to regulate

the timing and accuracy of movement

Movements must be performed as

motor sequence

Motor Sequence

movement modules preprogrammed by the brain and produced as a unit

After we move we wait for \_____, then we make the next movement accordingly

feedback

As one sequence is being executed, the next sequence is

being prepared so that it can follow the first smoothly

Frontal Lobes

prefrontal, premotor, primary motor cortexes

Prefrontal Cortex

plans complex behavior

Premotor Cortex

organizes the appropriate complex movement sequences

Primary Motor Cortex

executes how each movement is to be carried out

Prefrontal cortex formulates a

plan of action

Prefrontal cortex instructs

premotor cortex

Prefrontal cortex instructs premotor cortex to

organize the appropriate sequence of behaviros

Information about that correct sequence of behavior goes to the

primary motor cortex

Mirror Neurons perform special functions in

premotor cortex

Mirror Neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

Mirror Neurons allow us to

produce movement sequences and also to observe, understand, and copy the movement sequences of others

We have mirror neurons in the

cerebellum, primary motor cortex, and the parietal cortex

Topographic Organization

neural spatial representation of the body or areas of the sensory world perceived by the sensory organ

Homunculus

representation of the human body in the sensory of motor cortex

Primary motor cortex represents not \______, but rather \___

muscles, repertoire of fundamental movement categories

Studies on humans using MRI suggest that the human motor cortex is organized in terms of

functional movement categories

The motor cortex encodes not \____ \_____, but a \_______ of movements

muscle twitches, lexicon/dictionary

Motor cortex maps appear to represent basic types of movement that \______ and \________ can modify

practice and learning

The motor cortex represents the repertoire of movements that each

species of animal can make

Planning and initiating movements the motor cortex neurons

discharge before and during movements

In motor cortex neurons \____ force movements

code

In motor cortex neurons simple coding of movement

direction

Neural Prosthetics

flexible properties of motor neurons probably underlie our ability to imagine movements and also allow them to control brain computer interfaces

In monkeys with damaged motor cortexes that controlled their hand without rehabilitation the motor cortex

became smaller whereas the elbow and shoulder area became larger and the monkey lost most ability to move the hand

In monkeys with damaged motor cortexes that controlled their hand with rehabilitation the motor cortex

retained its size and monkeys retained some ability to move hand

Species Typical Behavior

actions produced by every member of a species

Brainstem organizes many

adaptive movements

Brainstem organizes many adaptive movements like

maintaining posture, standing upright, coordinating movements of the limbs, swimming and walking, grooming the fur, and making nests

In humans and other animals with a severed spinal cord, spinal reflexes

still function even though the spinal cord is cut off from communication with the brain

Paralyzed limbs may display

spontaneous movements of spasms

The brain can no longer guide the

timing of these automatic movments

Quadriplegia

paralysis and loss of sensation in the legs and arms due to spinal cord injury (high in the cervical region)

Paraplegia

paralysis and loss of sensation confined to legs and lower body due to spinal cod injury (lower in thoracic and lumbar regions)

Afferent somatosensory information travels from the

body inward via the somatic nervous system

Movement information travels

out of the central nervous system via a parallel, efferent motor system

Layer IV in Neocortex (afferent) is relatively thick in the

sensory cortex

Layer IV in Neocortex (afferent) is relatively thin in

motor cortex

Layer V in Neocortex (efferent) is relatively thick in the

motor cortex

Layer IV in Neocortex is

afferent

Layer V in Neocortex (efferent) is relatively thin in the

sensory cortex

Layer V in Neocortex is

afferent

Neocortex

The outermost part of the cerebral cortex, making up 80 percent of the cortex in the human brain.

Information coming from sensory receptors comes into the \____ via \____

CNS, dorsal fibers

Fibers leaving the spinal cord's ventral side carry information out from the spinal cord to the

muscles

Ventral Root

contains axons of motor neurons

Corticospinal Tracts

main efferent pathways from the motor cortex to the brainstem to the spinal cord

Pyramidal Tracts

formed from long axons that project down spinal cord

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

moves the digits and limbs on the opposite side of the body

Pyramidal Decussation

location at which corticospinal tract fibers cross the midline and segregate into the anterior and lateral divisions of the pathway

Ventral Corticospinal Tract

remains on the same side of the brain and spinal cord

Ventral Corticospinal Tract moves the muscles of the midline body on the

same side of the body

Corticospinal tracts originate in the

neocortex and terminate the spinal cord

Within the spinal cord, corticospinal fibers make synaptic connections with both

interneurons and motor neurons

Motor neurons carry all nervous system commands out to the

muscles

Spinal motor neurons originate in

spinal cord

Spinal motor neurons send nerve impulses to

muscle cells

Axon of each motor neurons makes one or more synapses with

target muscle

Two kinds of neurons located in the spinal column's ventral horns

interneurons and motor neurons

Interneurons protect to

motor neurons

Motor neurons project to

muscles of the body

Laterally located motor neurons project to the muscles that control the

fingers and hands

intermediately located motor neurons project to muscles that control the

arms and shoulders

The most medially located motor neurons project to muscles that control the

trunk

Neurons of the motor homunculus in the left hemisphere cortex control the

trunk on both sides of the body and the mibs on the body's right side

Neurons of the motor homunculus in the right hemisphere cortex control the

trunk on both sides of the body and the limbs on the body's left side

Limb muscles are arranged in

pairs

Extensor

moves (extends) the limb away from trunk