polarity

polarity

__ has __ __ and __ __ bond. these bonds are polar/non polar because both __ and __ have different electronegativities. __ has a symmetrical/asymmetrical __ shape. therefore the effect of the dipoles cancel/dont cancel out. so the molecule is polar/non polar

solubility

for a substance to dissolve, the solute to solvent attractions must be stronger than the forces of attraction within the solvent and within the solute

hydration/solvation process

1. Ionic solids (like NaCl) are made of positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic forces (ionic bonds).

2. When NaCl is placed in water:

   • The δ⁻ oxygen ends of water molecules are attracted to the Na⁺ (positive) ions.

   • The δ⁺ hydrogen ends of water molecules are attracted to the Cl⁻ (negative) ions.

3. These attractions are strong enough to pull the ions away from the crystal lattice — this is called dissociation.

4. Water molecules surround each ion — this process is called hydration (or solvation more generally).

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