Ess Test 2/13/24

Cinder Cone

Cinder Cone

Usually smaller than 900 meters in height

Cinder Cone

Eruptions usually result in smaller blocks that make up an unconsolidated slopes

Cinder Cone

Small steep volcanoes made up of volcanic debris that builds up around a vent

Cinder Cone

Low explosivity with low viscosity

Composite

Big, violent eruptions (high viscosity)

Composite

Composed of lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and mudflow (lahar) deposits, as well as lava domes

Composite

Tend to have lava tubes

Shield

Very wide but not very tall

Shield

Made almost entirely of Low viscosity basaltic lava flows

Shield

Most of Hawaii are composed of these types of volcanoes

Different rocks will crystallize at different temperatures. The higher the temperature, the higher in ______ concentration

Calcium

The higher the rock is on the series, the more ____ it is.

mafic

Some rocks are only formed at a certain range of temperatures. If they go past it, it will go back into solution and form slightly different rocks. This is called the

Discontinuous Series

Some rocks slowly change as the temperature shifts. This creates a range of slightly different rocks without fully dissolving. This process also includes the creation of zone crystals. This is called the

Continuous Series

Rocks that are richer in Magnesium (Mg) and Iron (Fe) are

Mafic

Rocks that are richer in Feldspar and Quartz minerals are

Felsic

Rocks that are darker in color (if they have crystals), and denser are

Mafic

Rocks that are lighter in color (if they have crystals), and lower density are

Felsic

Rocks are formed from lower viscosity magma, causing them to cool faster are

Mafic

Rocks are formed from high viscosity magma, causing them to cool slower are

Felsic

Color can only be used to classify rocks if

the rock has crystals

Rocks that have larger crystals and are more coarse rocks are usually classified as

Intrusive

Rocks that have smaller or no crystals are usually classified as

Extrusive

Rocks that are cooled deep underground are

Intrusive

Rocks that are cooled above/near Earth’s surface are

Extrusive

Rocks that are glassy are usually classified as

Extrusive

Crystals larger than 1 cm; very slow cooling of magma

Pegmatitic

Crystals about 1-10 mm; slow cooling of magma

Phaneritic

Large and small crystals both; slow and then fast cooling of magma or changes in viscosity

Porphyritic

Crystals are present but are not visible from the human eye; rapid cooling of magma

Aphanitic

Glassy texture; rapid cooling of magma and/or very poor nucleation

Glassy

Meringue-like shaped; rapid cooling of gas-filled lava

Vesicular

Holes/Bubbles; gas bubbles in the lava that escape

Vesicular

Mixture of rock fragments

Pyroclastic

Is Pegmatitic usually intrusive, extrusive, or either

intrusive

Is Phaneritic usually intrusive, extrusive, or either

intrusive

Is Porphyritic usually intrusive, extrusive, or either

either

Is Aphanitic usually intrusive, extrusive, or either

extrusive

Is Glassy usually intrusive, extrusive, or either

extrusive

Is Vesicular usually intrusive, extrusive, or either

extrusive

Is Pyroclastic usually intrusive, extrusive, or either

extrusive

A pipe where magma from the interior can rise to Earth’s surface

Volcanic Pipes

Magma that was rising but did not erupt so it cools. After centuries of erosion and weathering, the soft rock around the volcano weathers off so this cooled magma stays as a

Volcanic Neck

A tabular structure formed from magma entering fractures of rocks (vertical)

Dike

A tabular structure formed from magma entering fractures of rocks (horizontal)

Sill

A body of magma in between rock layers

Laccolith

A massive, intrusive igneous rock formation that was once a large amount of magma.

Batholith

Barchan Dunes

These dunes feature moderate sand with a constant wind direction, forming crescent shapes.

Transverse Dunes

Abundant sand and constant wind direction create these large fields of dunes resembling sand ripples.

Barchan Dune Merge

Barchan dunes merge into transverse dunes with increased sand supply.

Longitudinal Dunes

These dunes have iron deposited just above the largest clasts on the edge, with limited sand and converging wind directions.

Linear Dunes

Long and straight dunes formed in areas with limited sand and conversing wind directions.

Parabolic Dunes

Abundant sand and constant wind direction form "U" shaped dunes stabilized by vegetation, common in coastal areas.

Star Dunes

Abundant sand and variable wind direction create dunes with several arms and variable slope directions.

Windward Side

Material blown up on the side of the dune where the wind flows toward.

Leeward Side

Deposition occurs on this side where the wind flows down in eddy currents or vortices, usually at the base of the dune.

Stoss Face

Windward side of the dune.

Slip Face

Leeward side of the dune.

Placer Deposits

Mineral deposits where grains of minerals are mixed with sand deposited by rivers or glaciers.

Cross-Bedding

Layering of dunes indicated by lines.

Variables

Sediment size, shape, density, wind direction, vegetation, availability of sediments affecting dune migration.

Rounding

Scale from angular to rounded, indicating the degree of wind transport.

Desert Pavement

Sediment deposits containing larger clasts due to the removal of smaller ones.

Glaciation

Formation of rivers of ice dynamic in movement toward the ocean, forming various glacial features.

Glacier Formation

Polar latitudes or high elevations above the snowline with abundant snowfall and absence of physical removal factors.

Past Atmosphere

Atmospheric gases trapped in ice cores revealing past variations including CO2, methane, N2O, and oxygen isotopes.

Glacial Movement

Internal flow, basal sliding aided by meltwater, leading to entire glacier movement.

Cirques

Bowl-shaped depressions carved into mountainsides by glaciers.

Nunataks, Arêtes, and Horns

Rocky outcrops formed by glacial erosion in multiple direction flow areas.

Moraines

Lateral and medial moraines formed by glacially transported rock and debris.

Terminal and Recessional Moraines

Mark farthest glacier reaches at given time points.

Glacial Till and Glacial Flour

Jumbled sediment sizes in till, fine sediment responsible for milky water in flour.

Glacial Striations

Scratches on rock surfaces revealing glacier flow direction.

Plate Movement Theory

O^18 and O^16 isotopes in precipitation indicating past temperature variations.

Sea Level Rising

Impacted by glacial melting contributing to rising sea levels.

Impact Craters

Symmetrical with evenly distributed ejecta, distinct from volcanic craters.

Volcanic Craters

Asymmetrical with regular distribution of features and steeper walls.

Vertical Impact

Creates inverted ejecta cone with equal distribution.

Morphology

Determined by number of rings, central peak presence, and ejecta pattern.

Reverse Stratigraphy

Layers flipped after impact, older material on top.

Shock Metamorphism

Distinct thin sections in rocks.

Tektites

Small marbles formed from liquified regolith cooling.