Biology 3: Embryogenesis and Development

A/an [...] is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum

morula

A/an [...] is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres that implants in the endometrial lining

blastula

[Germ layer] develops into the nervous system, skin, hair, nails, mouth, and anus

ectoderm

“atract-oederm’ skin and hair are things people are attracted to

[Germ layer] develops into muscoskeleton, circulatory system, gonads, and adrenal cortex

mesoderm

• movem-oderm: involved in moving things such as muscles, RBS, steroids

[Germ layer] develops into the GI tract, respiratory tract, endocrine glands, bronchi, bladder, and stomach

endoderm

in-doderm: things that are inside

The CNS and PNS derive from the [germ layer]

ectoderm

[...] stem cells have the potential to develop into any cell found in the human body

totipotent

...] stem cells can be any cell except those found in placental structures

pluripotent

[...] stem cells can develop into multiple specialized cell types

multipotent

• most adult stem cells are multipotent stem cells

Fetal hemoglobin has a [greater or lesser] affinity for O₂ than adult hemoglobin

greater

Blood in the umbilical artery is [oxygenated or deoxygenated]

deoxygenated

Blood in the umbilical vein is [oxygenated or deoxygenated]

oxygenated

Fraternal twins are [...]

dizygotic

Identical twins are [...]

monozygotic

[...] is when a cell commits to becoming a certain type of cell 

cell determination

[...] is when a cell acquires the structures and functions of a specialized cell

cell differentiation

[...] is when a group of cells influence the fate of nearby cells

induction

• mediated by inducers, which are commonly growth factors

[...] is when the cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to a receptor on itself

autocrine signaling

...] signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells

paracrine

[...] signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is directly adjacent or attached

juxtacrine

[...] signaling releases signals into the bloodstream, which carries them to target cells in distant parts of the body

endocrine

A/an [...] is a hole or a small passage which allows fluid to move from one part of the body to another

shunt

• example: shunt vessels connect to an artery directly to a vein so the blood skips the capillaries

[...] is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs

patent foramen ovale

• in the wall between the left and right atria of a fetus

The [...] is a shunt that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's non-functioning lungs

patent ductus arteriosus

• it connects the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta in a fetus