Neurobio exam 2 ch 8

Neural plate

primitive neural tissue that gives rise to the neural tube

neural tube

structure in the early stage of brain development from which the brain and spinal cord develop

Neural stem cell

Self-renewing, multipotential cell that gives rise to any of the different types of neurons and glia in the nervous system.

subventricular zone

lining of neural stem cells surrounding the ventricles in adults

progenitor cell (precursor cell)

cell derived from a stem cell that migrates and produces a neuron or a glial cell

Neuroblast

product of a progenitor cell that gives rise to any of the different types of neurons

Glioblast

product of a progenitor cell that gives rise to different types of glial cells

Neurotrophic factor

A chemical compound that supports growth and differentiation in developing neurons and may act to keep certain neurons alive in adulthood.

Radial glial cell

path-making cell that a migrating neuron follows to its appropriate destination

Growth cone

growing tip of an axon

Filopod

process at the end of a developing axon that reaches out to search for a potential target or to sample the intercellular environment

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A chemical molecule to which specific cells can adhere, thus aiding in migration.

Tropic molecule

signaling molecule that attracts or repels growth cones

Netrin

Chemoattractive tropic molecule that guides axon growth

Semaphorins

class of chemorepulsive molecules that deflect axons from inappropriate regions

Neural Darwinism

hypothesis that the processes of cell death and synaptic pruning are, like natural selection in species, the outcome of competition among neurons for connections and metabolic resources in a neural environment

Apoptosis

genetically programmed cell death

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Brodmann areas 9 and 46; makes reciprocal connections with posterior parietal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus; responsible for selecting behavior and movement with respect to temporal memory.

Default network

brain network of interacting regions of the frontal and parietal lobes that have highly correlated activity

chemoaffinity hypothesis

Proposal that neurons or their axons and dendrites are drawn toward a signaling chemical that indicates the correct pathway.

Amblyopia

Condition in which vision in one eye is reduced as a result of disuse; usually caused by a failure of the two eyes to point in the same direction.

Imprinting

Formation of an attachment by an animal to one or more objects or animals at a critical period in development

Testosterone

Sex hormone secreted by the tested and responsible for the emergence of typically masculine characteristics

Androgen

class of hormones that stimulates or controls masculine characteristics

Masculinization

Process by which exposure to androgens (male sex hormones) alters the brain and stimulates an individual to develop male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics

Estrogen

Variety of sex hormones responsible for the distinguishing female characteristics

Psychobiotics

treatment that uses live bacteria (probiotics) or compounds to enhance the growth of gut bacteria (prebiotics)

Anencephaly

failure of the forebrain to develop

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby less than 1 year old

In an adult human, neural stem cells line the ventricles, forming the ... zone

Subventricular

brain growth spurts correlate with ...

Motor skills

What 3 factors influence brain function

Time, body weight, visual experience

The central nervous system begins as a sheet of cells, which folds inward to form the ...

Neural tube

A ... is a signaling molecule that attracts or repels growth cones

Tropic molecule

... glial cells form during embryonic development, and most of them differentiate into astrocytes once neural migration along them is complete

Radial

Riesen's studies on animals raised in the dark show that an absence of _____ stimulation can affect brain development

Visual

Behavioral development predicts the maturation of ____________________.

neural maturation

T or F: adverse prenatal and early childhood have little effect on brain development and behavior

False

The idea that specific molecules in different cells in various midbrain regions give each cell a distinctive chemical identity is known as the ...

Chemoaffinity hypothesis