hcr 240 exam 2

DIC ( disseminated intravascular coagulation )

clotting and bleeding at the same time

if you are giving a patient heparin what do you do?

check prothrombin time and activated thromboplastin time and go get the doctor

why is the urine red in rhabdomyolysis

because of myoglobin , comes from striated muscles

which leukemia is most common in adults

AML, CLL, CML

most common leukemia in children

ALL ( Philadelphia)

is propolis sarcoma commonly associated with aids

yes purplish brown macules

is there a reason you should not treat a fever

fever increases body temp which helps kill viruses and kills the bacterias food source ( 104.5-6 can liquify your brain)

koilonychia

a condition characterized by soft, thin, spoon-shaped nails often associated with iron deficiency anemia or other underlying health issues.

what is the purpose of an external fixator

used to stabilize broken bones or to correct skeletal deformities by maintaining the position of bone fragments outside of the body during the healing process.

when do we use a traction

device to align fractured bones or relieve pressure on the spine, when we need multiple points to hold the bone together ( when you can’t have surgery)

type 2 diabetes ominous octet

refers to the eight interrelated pathophysiological factors contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, including insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, increased glucose production, decreased glucose uptake, neurotransmitter dysfunction

type 1 diabetes

a chronic condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. It often develops in children or young adults, autoimmune destruction and pancreatic beta cells

stages of bone healing

• hematoma formation

• pro callus formation

• callus formation

• replacement

• remodeling

phases of pain

• transduction

• transmission

• perception

• modulation

the characteristics of hormones

• the specific rates and rhythms of secretion are tightly regulated based on the type of hormone

• secretion of hormones also operates within a negative or positive feedback loop

• circulating hormones will only affect cells with the appropriate receptors , hormones are excreted from the body in urine or stool

onychomycosis

a fungal infection on the toe nails

tine pedis

athletes foot

seizures

a sudden burst of electoral activity in the brain; a single event

status epilepticus

does not mean you have epilepsy ( you had two seizures less than 5 min apart)

what is the difference between toxic epidermal or Steven Johnson syndrome

the percentage, 10% is Steven Johnson syndrome

Hodgkins lymphoma

contains abnormal B cells Reed Sternberg , orgin of this cancer is lymph nodes

what is the difference between Hodgkins and non-hodgkins lymphoma

non-hodgkins lymphoma does not contain red stenberg cells

what is a ligament

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

what connects connective skeletal muscle tissue to bone

tendons

what connects tissue to bone

ligament

ABCDE of skin cancer

Asymmetry

border

color

diameter

evolving

what is asymmetry based on skin cancer

halves of mark do not match

what is border based on skin cancer

edges of mark are irregular

what is color based on skin cancer

mole is not even colored

what is diameter based on skin cancer

larger than 6 millimeters across

what is evolving based on skin cancer

mole changes in size , shape or color

different definitions of coma

light coma

coma

deep coma

light coma

 unresponsive but purposeful movement upon stimulation eyes may be closed or open

coma

 no response to external environment expect upon noxious stimulation

deep coma

unresponsive with no response to any stimuli 

You have two different types of posturing which are

decorticate

decerebrate

decorticate posturing

 flexor posturing ( curled wrists and balled hands against chest, arms bent towards the center of the body) 

Decerebrate posturing

extensor posturing ( flexed wrists, curled fingers, straight tense arms parallel to body) 

what is the difference between ketone ketoacidios and HHS

DKA involves ketone and metabolic acidosis

HSS lacks ketosis and acidosis

thrombus

formed within a blood vessel or heart chamber obstructing blood flow

when you have a clot

thrombus

a clot that moves is an

embolism

if you have a Afib you are in risk of

embolism

what type of fracture is most common in athletes

stress fracture

Cushing syndrome

disorder from the adrenal gland, high levels of cortisol regardless of cause

what does Cushing syndrome do the body

weight gain in certain areas of the body, stretch marks, thin arms and legs due to the extremity muscle wasting

if a child shows kussmaul breathing and fruity or sweet breath they most likely have

type 1 diabetes

crystals in a pateint’s joint tissue

gout

a lady has anemia and stomach problems and has to receive a shot what type of shot is she receiving

B12

a hemorrhage below the skull but above the dura matter associated with skull fractures

epidural hematoma

hemorrhage below the dura matter but above the brain tissue associated with venous bleeding

subdural hematoma

bleeding within the brain tissue

intracerebral hematoma

not a large localized blood clot but a small punctate hemorrhages located between the grey and white matter

diffuse axonal injury

symptoms of an epidural hematoma

initial loss of consciousness, lucid periods, may progress to nausea, lethargy and coma

symptoms of subdural hematoma

occur do to compression of brain tissue, vomiting, headache, confusion, weakness, coma

symptoms of intracerebral hematoma

severe headache, weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech

causes of osteoporosis

aging, bone loss and lack of calcium and vitamin D

what are primary lesions

a wound

papillae

what is a secondary lesion

scab

claw marks

keloid

what should be done if a patients comes into the ER with a cold injury

should be washed with perfectly warm water

cover the affected area

symptoms of Parkinson disease

unintended or uncontrollable movements

shaking

stiffness

difficulty with balance and coordintation

what chromosome is common with CLL ( chronic lymphocytic leukemia )

philadelphia

what chromosome abnormality is strongly associated with CML ( Chronic Myeloid Leukemia)

associated with the bar-abl protein on the Philadelphia chromosome

what do osteoblasts do

they form new bone

what do osteoclasts do

reabsorption of bone

what do osteocytes do

maintain bone matrix

external fixator

traction

stage 1 ulcer

stage 3 ulcer

stage 2 ulcer

stage 4 ulcer