Anatomy of Articulation and Resonation - Chapter 6

articulation

process of joining two elements together

articulation for speech

process of bringing moveable speech structures together to produce sounds of speech

pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, tongue, lips, cheeks

articulators of speech

source-filter theory

describes how oral cavity shapes speech

energy from the vibrating vocal folds

acoustic source of speech

resonance characteristics of vocal tract

filter of speech

articulators

structures used to alter the vocal tract shape for speech

tongue, mandible, velum, lips, cheeks, pharynx, larynx, fauces

mobile articulators

teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge of maxillae

immobile articulators

mastication and deglutition

primary functions of articulators

mandible

lower jaw
houses lower teeth and forms floor of mouth
most important facial bone

paired maxillae

largest facial bones
form entire jaw

premaxilla

front part of upper jaw
houses four upper front teeth

bony hard palate

makes up roof of mouth and floor of nose

nasal bones

small bones forming superior nasal surface

vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, and septal cartilage

what makes up the nasal septum

palatine bones

provide posterior 1/4 of hard palate
attach to soft palate

nasal conchae

small scroll-like bones on lateral surface of nasal cavity

vomer

inferior portion of nasal septum

zygomatic bones

form the cheekbones

highly vascularized epithelial cells

what is the nasal cavity covered in

lacrimal bones

constitute a small portion of lateral nasal wall and medial orbit

hyoid bone

demonstrates interconnection of phonatory and articulatory systems

ethmoid bone

core of skull and face
continuous with nasal septum and brain case

sphenoid bone

located within brain case
has greater and lesser wings

frontal bone

makes up bony forehead

parietal bone

paired bones forming middle portion of brain case

occipital bone

posterior brain case

temporal bone

lateral skull

teeth

vital part of speech and mastication mechanism

upper arch is in the maxillae
lower arch is in the mandible

where are the dental arches located

root

part of tooth below surface of gum line

crown

visible 1/3 of tooth

neck

juncture of crown and root of tooth

pulp

heart of tooth
contains nerve that supplies the tooth

cementum

thin layer of bone that holds tooth in place

deciduous/milk teeth

temporary teeth
appear around 6-9 months of age

20 total, 10 in each arch
4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 molars

how many deciduous teeth do babies have

permanent teeth

adult teeth that take the place of baby teeth

32 total, 16 in each arch
4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 6 molars

how many permanent teeth do adults have

central incisors

emerge first followed by lateral incisors

first molars

emerge at the same time as cuspids around 15-20 months old

second molars

emerge around child's second birthday

dental occlusion

process of bringing upper and lower teeth into alignment

proper occlusion

needed for mastication

class I occlusion

normal orientation of mandible and maxillae
few millimeters of overbite

class I malocclusion

normal orientation of molars
abnormal orientation of incisors

class II malocclusion

relatively retracted mandible
may be due to relative micrognathia

class III malocclusion

relatively protruded mandible

torsiversion

twisted or rotated tooth

labioversion

tooth tilts towards lips

linguaversion

tooth tilts towards tongue

distoversion

tooth tilts away from midline of arch

mesioversion

tooth tilts towards midline between central incisors

infraversion

tooth does not erupt sufficiently

supraverted

tooth erupts too far

oral cavity

most significant cavity of vocal tract
strongly involved in articulation
shaped by movements of tongue and mandible

rugae

prominent lateral ridges in hard palate

median raphe

divides hard palate in half

velum/soft palate

soft roof of mouth
moveable muscle that separates oral and nasal cavities

uvula

small cone-shaped structure at tip of velum

anterior/posterior faucial pillars

sides of velum

palantine tonsils

located between faucial pillars

buccal cavity

plays role in oral resonance and high level consonant production
lies lateral to oral cavity between teeth and cheeks

pharyngeal cavity

shape altered by pharyngeal constrictor muscles
laryngeal elevation and depression

oropharynx

posterior to fauces, above is velum

laryngopharynx

anterior epiglottis, inferior esophagus

nasopharynx

above soft palate
contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

lateral wall of nasopharynx

where is the eustachian tube located

velopharyngeal port

opening between oropharynx and nasopharynx

aids in warming and humidifying air to protect the lungs

function of nasal cavity

prevent particles from entering lower respiratory tract

function of nasal hairs

nares

anterior boundary of nasal cavity
floor is hard palate

nasal choanae

posterior portals connecting nasopharynx and nasal cavities

lips
tongue
velum

three important structures of articulatory system

lips

important in both facial expression and speech
richly invested with vascular supply

obicularis oris

encircles mouth opening

risorius

retracts corners of mouth

buccinator

deep to risorius
retracts corners of mouth
involved in mastication

levator labii superioris
zygomatic minor
levator labii superioris aleque nasi

muscles that aid in elevating the upper lip

levator anguli oris

draws corners of mouth up and medially

mentalis

elevates and wrinkles chin
pulls lower lip out (pout)

depressor anguli oris

depresses corners of mouth

zygomatic major

elevates and retracts angle of mouth (smiling)

depressor labii inferioris

pulls lips down and out

platysma

depresses mandible

tongue

occupies floor of mouth
movement depends on its own musculature
contains taste buds in papillae

extrinsic muscles

move tongue in desired direction

intrinsic muscles

fine control of articulatory gestures

dorsum

superior surface of tongue

tip/apex

most anterior portion of tongue

base

part of tongue that resides in oropharynx

oral surface

2/3 of tongue

pharyngeal surface

1/3 of tongue

root of tongue

pharyngeal portion of tongue

lingual tonsils

below pharyngeal surface of the tongue

lingual frenulum

underneath of tongue
often clipped in babies if tongue-tied

superior longitudinal muscle

intrinsic lingual muscle
elevates tongue tip

inferior longitudinal muscle

intrinsic lingual muscle
pulls tongue tip down

transverse muscle

intrinsic lingual muscle
narrows tongue