1920s

issues to expect post-WWI

jobs, fear of immigration and communism, and gender roles

jobs

major issue since men are coming home from war-- there were many tensions between returning vets and working women/African Americans; the transition from wartime production (wartime and consumers) to peacetime production (just consumers) was difficult and caused economic issues; war debt was another major problem

fear of immigration

want to remain isolated with no foreign influence

fear of communism

huge issue; felt that Russian communism was coming to destroy the US from the inside out like it had Russia

gender roles

women had stepped in for the first time in the US, now working and being at home; society expects women to go back to how life was before, but they don't want to

labor issues

stemmed from tensions established during WWI; the employees had more leverage since there were many job openings, so employers catered to employees demands to keep them happy and not quit. Now, employers have the leverage because there was now an overpopulation of workers (women, African Americas, immigrants, and WWI vets) and not enough job positions.

union development

went up during WWI, even though employers didn't like them

yellow dog contracts

employers makes new employees saying they will never join a labor union; if they do, they can be immediately fired -- weakens labor unions

communists

the union movement loses its appeal because employers proclaimed that labor unions were ____________ (pre-existing employees mostly) since they wanted equal pay and equal hours.

Red Scare

fear of the spread of communism, which will crumble America from the inside out

African Americans

excluded completely from labor unions, even though they were a large number in the factories; weakening union movement

languages

there were many of these spoken in factories because there was a large number of immigrants and many had not yet mastered English. Unions did not bother to learn to speak to them, so immigrants had no idea what was going on

poor working conditions

immigrants were used to these; not as terrible in the US as back home, so those who could understand English didn't understand how the factory conditions were, so they wouldn't strike

farmers

they were self-reliant, so they didn't see the point of unions. messaging from unions was not cohesive enough, and they weren't represented by unions

strikes

huge amount because of unhappy employees. 3,000 major ones involving 4 million workers. Significant event/problem for economy

paranoia

people would talk to the press and point to labor strikes, calling them communists; this was so high that people bought into it

National War Labor Board and the War Industries Board

government agencies that could have helped stop strikes, had they not been disbanded once the war ended (government didn't feel like it was their right to interfere with private industry)

Boston Police Strike

years where they had not made a pay raise, and Boston refused to allow them to join a union, and they felt it was a violation of their rights, so they went on strike -- ultimately a failure

illegal;

an entire police department to go on strike was ________ because crime rates go up and public safety is their duty

governor Calvin Coolidge

MA -- speaks out immediately, condemning all police officers who walked off putting public in danger, thereby firing every single member who striked

National Guard

Governor Coolidge called upon them and orders them to serve as Boston police department until new ones can be hired

Steel Mill Strike

workers want shorter hours, living wage, union recognition, and collective bargaining rights; was a goon strike since the owners of the mill hired "scabs" to work temporarily, meaning going on strike makes no difference -- ultimately a failure

give up; rough up

steel mill workers do this and go back to work; aided by the fact that owners hired people to ___________ those on strike

Coal Miners' Strike

wanted higher wages and shorter hours; led by John L. Lewis, whose leadership is why this strike was a success because they were open to negotiation with the owners

Industrial Workers of the World

the IWW -- official communist party in the US, scaring Americans

mail bombs

government employees received bombs in the mail, allegedly from communists, proving to Americans that communism was a real threat

Palmer Raids

done by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer; if you were a suspected commie, the FBI would raid your home looking for evidence you were one while you are arrested-- scare tactic and most were attacks against political opponents or people they didn't like or immigrants, who would be deported

Sacco & Vanzetti

Italian immigrants who were anarchists and allegedly murdered their boss. They were put on trial and sentenced to death and executed, even though there was no concrete evidence that connected them to the crime. One witness with only evidence "they looked Italian"

Ku Klux Klan

rises again the 1920s, attacking Black Americans, immigrants, Jews, and communists. Paranoia meant their message appealed to more Americans, making them more powerful and more popular. Even parade down in DC since they were so accepted

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

government taking on immigration, they set the quota for amount of immigrants let into the US, which was 3% of the already existing immigrant population for each European country. It banned Asian immigration completely.

equality

many African Americans believed WWI would bring more _________ to the US because Wilson talked about self-determination, democracy, freedoms, equality (these changes were not made in the US)

divided

America was just as _________ as it was before; many moved up North (which wasn't that much better than the South)

National Association for the Advancement for Colored People

NAACP; formed by WEB DuBois, their mission was to seek equality in American society

the Crisis

NAACP journal/magazine in the Black perspective, unlike other magazines which only showed the white side of events-- goal was to tell events through a Black lens. it also wrote about opportunities for members to seek more equality

violence

frustration towards standing up for equality and the white response to was this -- lynching and riots

Race Riots

all over the country as a result of African Americans seeking equality

Chicago Race Riot of 1919

deadliest race riot -- a group of young Black boy was playing on a raft in the water and began to drift over to the white side of the beach. A white man got angry and started to throw rocks and killed one of the boys. He was not arrested, but a Black man was instead arrested for being too "violent"

Red Summer

after the Chicago Race Riots spawned other riots all over the North, surprise tensions from the Great Migration led to these deadly and violent events

Universal Negro Improvement Association

UNIA-- founded by Marcus Garvey, it was a Black separatist movement that wanted African Americans to pull away from the white community and focus on bolstering the Black community (more economic approach); Ex: patron a Black owned business as opposed to a white owned business

Negro World

journal of the UNIA; reported and provided opportunities for building up the Black community

Black Star Line

shipping line created by the UNIA that would trade with the intention of bringing goods to Black owned businesses only and selling to Black owned businesses only

Back to Africa

movement the UNIA shifted to, claiming that America was a lost cause, meaning African Americans should just go back to Africa and be kings

hostile

new message of the UNIA was seen as _______ by the government

mail fraud

charged Garvey with this crime (which was highly exaggerated), and since he was an immigrant, he was deported back to Jamaica. The UNIA fell apart without his leadership

the Birth of a Nation

painted the KKK in a positive light. so popular it was screened in the White House

hierarcy

there was this within the KKK; Grand Wizard was the leader, Grand Dragon, etc

population boomed

of the KKK, 1 out of 10 white males joined, women as well, and it wasn't just in the South anymore

politics

the KKK was heavily involved in this, and they paid to get politicians in office (governors, senators, and mayors) so "favors" would be owed later

new focus of KKK

basic morality (Prohibition), religion (Protestant), 100% Americanism, Patriotism, corrupt politicians

Catholics, immigrants, Jews

hate was spread around these groups by the KKK

$10

membership fees were low, ____ to appeal to the average American

the press

reported attacks of the KKK, which at first strengthened them, but soon became their downfall

KKK's stance of LoN

anti-League of Nations, which appealed to many Americans -- isolationists -- prevent foreign influence

fraternity/brotherhood

the KKK considered themselves this because they were very family-values based and so widespread and accepted

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

law that raised American tariffs on many imported goods to protect factories and farms -- wanted to encourage people to buy American, but instead caused foreign nations to raise their own tariffs and harm world trade

Calvin Coolidge, Warren G. Harding, and Herbert Hoover

the three Republican presidents of the 1920s who pursued laissez-faire policies

better management systems (assembly line) and electric power

why productivity was higher than ever in the 1920s

assembly line

Ford introduced this to help with the prosperity of the 1920s, allowing for the mass production of industrial goods

chores were able to be done incredibly fast, allowing for more free time

how the introduction of electronic appliances changed the lifestyles of Americans

impact of cars in the 1920s

increased transportation hugely, paved roads allowed for travelling for pleasure or work easily, more access to rural areas, and the suburbs populations soared

professional advertising firms

advertisements in the 1920s were now run by these companies

youth, beauty, health, and wealth

psychologists were hired to advertising companies to play on the emotions and desires of customers, specifically these four aspects

steel, rubber, oil, construction, and printing

industries that boomed in the 1920s (partially thanks to the automobile industry, new businesses, and leisure time to read)

coal and textile

industries that suffered during the 1920s

installment plan

a system for paying for goods by installments

why farmers suffered in 1920s

the foreign demand for American food stuffs had largely fallen from the huge demand during the war, leaving them with an oversupply and decreased prices

Return to Normalcy

Harding's campaign slogan that appealed to Americans because his presidency was right after the war ended, and America was in the process of returning to how they used to be

Ohio Gang

corrupt politicians who closely surrounded Harding during his presidency; they sold government appointments, judicial pardons, and police protection to boot leggers to benefit themselves

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding's Secretary of the Interior (Albert Fall) sold control of large government oil reserves from the navy to the Department of the Interior (illegal), then leasing the deposits to two oil tycoons secretly and accepting $400,000 (also illegal). He was sent to jail after the incident

Dawes Plan

reduced German reparations from $542 million to $250 million annually and called US and foreign banks to stimulate the German economy with a quick infusion of $200 million in loans; meant to stabilize the German economy and restructure their debt obligations

Calvin Coolidge's approach towards government

where the government governed the least and the welfare of the country depended on the people, not politicians

McNary Haugen Bill

a plan to subsidize American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products -- the government would buy the wheat and store it/export it at a loss-- never passed

Revenue Act of 1926

slashed the high income and estate taxes that Progressives had pushed through Congress during WWI

associationalism

where firms and organizations in each economic sector would be asked to cooperate with each other in the pursuit of efficiency, profit, and the public good -- Hoover's approach to managing the US economy

normalcy

Harding's campaign promise was a return to this

McNary Haugen Bill

this would have granted price supports to struggling farmers; Coolidge vetoed this

Dawes Plan

Loan program that gave money to Germany so they could make their reparation payments

Black Star Line

shipping line created by the UNIA in an effort to further bolster black businesses

farming

this industry suffered due to overproduction after WWI; prices dropped by almost 60%

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants who were found guilty and executed for a crime that only circumstantial evidence was provided for

yellow dog contracts

agreements between and employer and employee where the employee promises never to join a union

Calvin Coolidge

Massachusetts governor who ordered all policemen fired and called in the National Guard to act as the police force until replacements could be hired

Kellogg-Briand Pact

this international agreement made offensive wars illegal

installment plan

many Americans were able to purchase goods during the 1920s due to this; put some money down, pay the rest later

Boston Police Strike

all those that participated in this were fired

psychologists

advertising in the 1920s used the advise of ___________ in order to harp on consumers' desires: youth, beauty, health, and wealth

NAACP

first civil rights group to be founded in the US; led by WEB DuBois

Ohio Gang

nickname for the friends of Harding appointed to his cabinet; used their offices to get rich

John L. Lewis

leader of the Coal Miners' Strike

Revenue Act

this was passed by Coolidge; it slashed taxes

UNIA

Marcus Garvey founded this organization that called for a separatist movement

Hoover Stimson Doctrine

this stated that the US would not recognize territorial claims that violated the Kellogg-Briand Pact

associationism

Hoover's plan to have all major business leaders meet and try to come up with a solution to the economic issues

Emergency Quota Act

this limited immigration to 3% of the current population from European nations and outright banned Japanese immigration

KKK

during the 1920s, a resurgence of this group occurred

Red Scare

fear of the spread of communism

textile and coal

industries that greatly suffered during the 1920s

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding's Secretary of the Interior (Albert Fall) sold government owned oil-rich land to private oil companies and pocketed profits

African Americans

the labor union movement lost appeal for many reasons; one was that they banned __________________ from joining

Steel Mill Strike

with this strike, force was used against strikers and they were replaced by "scabs" until they gave in and returned to work