the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
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Collective Unconscious
the concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
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Collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
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Defense Mechanism
the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Drive-reduction theory
the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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Ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that meditates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
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Emotion
a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
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Empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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Estrogens
sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
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Facial Feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
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False Consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
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Fixation
A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
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Free Association
a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS) concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with psychological needs that must first be satisfied before before reaching a higher level of needs
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Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry
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Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to be satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
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Identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
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Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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Individualism
giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes
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Instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
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MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
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Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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Narcissism
excessive self love and self-absorption
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Oedipus Complex
a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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Personality Inventory
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
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Projective Test
a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
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Psychoanalysis
theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
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Psychophysiological illness
literally, “mind-body” illness; stress related physical illness
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Psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development during which id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
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Reciprical determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
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Repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Rorscharch inkblot test
a set of 10 inkblots that seek to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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Self
the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Self-actualization
the motivation to fulfill someone’s potential; One of Maslow’s needs after self-esteem
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Self-efficacy
one’s sense of competence and effectiveness
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Self-esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self worth
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Self-Serving Bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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Set Point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
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Sexual Dysfunction
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
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Sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding: excitement
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Spotlight Effect
overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
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Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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Superego
the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations
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Tend and Befriend response
under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others
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Terror Management Theory
a theory of death related anxiety people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
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Thematic Apperception Test
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act
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Two Factor Theory
the theory that to to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
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Type A
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
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Type B
easygoing relaxed people
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Unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, non-judgemental attitude
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Yerkes Dodson Law
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond performance decreases