Chapter 6- prealbumin, albumin, globulins

Prealbumin (transthyretin)

Named because it immigrates ahead of albumin in a classic electrophoresis of proteins (SPE )

transport proteins for thyroid hormones (t4 and T3)

Function of prealbumin

nutritional status

Prealbumin is used to test for

3.5-5.0 G/L

reference range for albumin

albumin

the highest protein present in plasma (60 %)

negative APR- decreases in the presence of inflammation

Albumin is a

80% colloid osmotic pressure

Albumin is responsible for

urine

Albuminuria is seen in

dehydration

albumin is increased in

Diabetes

Albumin is tested with patients in what condition annually for chronic kidney disease

Dyes

What is used to measure albumin quantitavely

Bromocresol green

method affected by interfering substances such as hemolysis, lipemia, icterus

Bromocresol purple

many labs use this method because it is mire specific and has fewer interfering substances

globulins

Measured by ELP and calculated by subtracting albumin form total proteins

Agarose gel or cellulose acetate

medium used on a serum ELP

five

Serum ELP has how many bands

Electropherogram

after ELP, a stained gel is passed through the optical system and a densimotor is created to create a visual graph

Densitometer

special spectrophotometer that measures the light transmitted through a solid sample using optical density

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin

A positive APR, whos function is to inhibit protease neutrophils elastase which is released from the leukocytes to fight infections, abnormal forms can destroy alveoli

90% of alpha 1 proteins , measured by elp or nephelometry

ATT make up

white ppl for lung and liver disease , emphysema and liver cancer

AAT is the most common deficiency in

AFP

Used to measure babies in amniotic fluid that can cause spinal bifida, anencephaly, neuraltube defects

hepatocellular carcinoma

AFP found in adults is used to detect

down syndrome

AFP is decreased in

Chemiluminescent and immunoassay

AFP is measured by

Haptoglobin, Alpha 2 macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin

Alpha 2 globulins are

Haptogloglobin

increases in many inflammatory diseases, ulcerative colitits, Rheumatic disease, AMI, seen with intravascular hemolysis

bind free hemoglobin

the primary function of haptoglobin is

Alpha 2 macroglobulin

increased 10 times in normal nephrotic syndrome in hibit filtration at the renal glomerulus

Ceruloplasmin

primary function to severe as a transport protein for copper

Wilson’s disease

Ceruloplasmin is a diagnosis of

Transferrin, lipoproteins, compliment proteins, B2M, fibrinogen, CRP

Beta globulins are

Transferrin

A negative APR , whos main function is to transport iron

lipoproteins

Carry lipid into blood, LDL is bad

Compliement

naturally occuring defense mechanism in the body C3 is the most abundant

B2M

part of the MHC on HLA, found in lymphocytes, test for renal tubular function

Fibrinogen

Large positive APR that clots blood

CRP <3.0 mg/L

first APR in response to inflammation , bound by bacteria and fungi, atheroscierosis, nephelometry

hsCRP

monoclonal antibody based test methodolgy that can detect CRP levels below 1

0.002-0.80mg/l

hsCRP reference range

gamma globulins

Immunoglobulin are

immunnoglobulins

not synthesized in the liver, but by mature B-lymphocytes, nephelometry, turbidity, fluorescent immunoassay

monoclonal antibodies

purified substances cloned from a single cell

Polyclonal antibodies

produced by immunizing animals with the antigen being studied and then isolating and purifying the antibody from the animals serum

IgG

most abundant immunoglbin can cross the placenta

IgM

the largest immunoglobin , J chains

myglobin

nonspecific cardiac marker contains heme found in skeletal muscle

Troponin

cardiac marker

BNP

congestive heart failure

Fibronectin

Fetal fibronectin help prevent preterm delivery

Cyastin C

glomerular filtration rate

Hypoproteinemia

excessive loss of plasma due to renal disease

Hyperproteinemia

result of dehydration from vomiting's, sweating, diabetic acidosis, gamma globulin loss