Indian Independence 1914-1947 Revision

These flashcards cover key events and figures during the period of Indian independence between 1914 and 1947.

The first and second Satyagraha's occurred in and .

1920 and 1921

The Moplah Rebellion and Chauri Chaura led to Gandhi calling off protests in __.

1922

After his release in 1924, Gandhi withdrew from the __ leadership.

INC (Indian National Congress)

The Nehru Report in 1928 aimed for unity among various Indian nationalist factions, including the INC, __, Sikhs, princes and the communist party.

Muslim League

At the Lahore Congress in December 1929, the INC declared __ on 26th January 1930.

Independence Day

The __ Marched was a significant event during Gandhi's 3rd Satyagraha.

Salt

Gandhi supported the Khalifat Movement for unity between and in protests.

Muslims and Hindus

In 1920, Jinnah left the INC due to his opposition to Gandhi's tactics and the __ Movement.

Khalifat

The Delhi Proposals in 1927 suggested that Muslims would abandon separate electorates in exchange for __ of representatives in the legislature.

1/3

Jinnah's '14 points' aimed to ensure protection for __ in response to INC's rejection.

Muslim rights

The Reading Offer proposed by the Viceroy in 1921, included a RTC and __ to prevent Satyagraha.

provincial autonomy

Gandhi was imprisoned in 1922 after the violent consequences of the first and second __.

Satyagrahas

The Simon Commission's investigation into Diarchy was criticized for its restricted terms of reference and was not allowed to consider __ status.

dominion

In 1925, the Muddiman Committee investigated Diarchy and reported that it wasn't __.

working

The Labour government's proposed Round Table Conferences in London in 1929 were a response to the __ Report.

Nehru

The INC's demand for British reforms at the Calcutta Congress came in December __.

1928

The __ Conference was a significant moment in the INC's advocacy for reforms in 1929 following the Nehru Report.

Round Table

The rejection of Jinnah's Delhi Proposals and the Nehru Report left him concerned for __ rights.

Muslim

The term __ refers to Gandhi’s method of nonviolent resistance against British rule.

Satyagraha

Gandhi referred to the INC leadership as becoming more __ after 1928 due to younger leaders pushing for radical change.

radical

The main organizations involved in the struggle for Indian independence included the INC, the Muslim League, and the __ Party.

Communist

Gandhi's call for civil disobedience peaked with the Salt March during the __ Satyagraha.

third

The British response to the INC’s demands at the Lahore Congress led to a declaration of __ by the Indian National Congress.

Independence Day

In opposing the Khalifat Movement, Jinnah reflected a view that considered the mixing of and undesirable.

religion and politics

The term 'common wealth of India' was part of the agreements outlined in the __ Report of 1928.

Nehru

In response to the Nehru Report, Britain proposed __ in 1929 to address Indian concerns.

Round Table Conferences

The violence at the Moplah Rebellion was one reason why Gandhi had to call off the __ in 1922.

protests

The INC's consistent rejection of Jinnah's proposals highlighted growing divisions between the and communities.

Hindu and Muslim

The Simon Commission faced rejection from the INC and Muslim League because it did not include any __ members.

Indian

first satyagrahas and impact

First and second Satyagraha’s in 1920 and 1921.

Second satyagraha led to violence in the Moplah Rebellion and at Chauri Chaura.

Gandhi called off the protests due to the violence in 1922, but was imprisoned by the British anyway a month later.

Gandhi’s release in 1924 was followed by his withdrawal from the INC leadership, although he did creating the CWC – a leadership committee.

Nehru report -1928

•a coming together of the various Indian nationalist factions including the INC, Muslim League, Sikhs, princes and communist party. The report agreed various principles for a new Indian State:

•Separate electorates would be abandoned after 10 years

•No state religion

•Dominion status – new nation would be called the “common wealth of India”.

•Young Hooligans (inc. Nehru & Bose) rejected further agreement, pushing Gandhi and INC to a more radical position.

Calcutta congress

INC demanded British response to grant these reforms within a year.

Lahore Congress

unhappy with British response, INC declared Independence day on 26^th January 1930. This also saw the start of Gandhi’s 3^rd Satyagraha, and prominently his salt march.

Jinnah’s opposition

•opposed to Gandhi’s tactics:

•He was suspicious of ‘the mob’

•opposed mixing religion with politics.

He therefore left the INC in 1920, as well as opposing the Khalifat Movement.Gandhi on the other hand supported it allowing for unity between muslims and hindus in the Khalifat and Satyagraha protests. However, both were unsuccessful

Delhi proposals -1927

•Jinnah reaching out to build unity: Muslims would abandon separate electorates in exchange for 1/3 of representatives in the legislature.

•Proposals rejected by INC, and separate electorates excluded by Nehru report (after 10 years). Leaves Jinnah concerned for Muslim rights.

failed reapproachment

•Jinnah attended the INC Lahore Congress in December 1929 to again seek reproachment – “14 points”, includes a primarily federal constitution to ensure protection for muslims.

•Again rejected by the INC, as well as the Muslim League. Jinnah departs from Indian politics altogether.

1921 – Reading Offer

•– Viceroy proposes a RTC and provincial autonomy to prevent satyagraha. Offer is rejected by INC.

British attitudes

•Britain sufficiently concerned by Gandhi’s 1^st and 2^nd Satyagrahas that they send him to prison in 1922, a month after he has ended it due to the violence.

•Birkenhead (Sec of State) and Irwin (Viceroy) reject Montagu declaration, asserting that India is firmly within the authority of British empire.

Muddiman Committee -1925

British-Indian government investigation into Diarchy, split report, minority report asserts that Diarchy isn’t working.

Simon Commission - 1927

Government sends Simon Commission to investigate whether Diarchy is working. Terms of reference are restricted – not allowed to consider dominion status.

•Leads to rejection by INC and Muslim League, although other minority groups do engage e.g. Sikhs, untouchables, etc.

•Simon Commission never reports due to change in government in British, although draft report indicated Diarchy was working well – whitewash.

Response of the Labour Government to the INC

•Responding to the Nehru Report (1928) and the INC Calcutta Congress (December 1928), the government proposed Round Table Conferences in London in 1929 in response to the Nehru Report.