Dennis BSC 2010 Exam 1

emergent properties

___________ result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

reductionism

_________ is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

system

a ______ is a combination of components that function together

reductionist, emergent properties, and systems biology

approaches to study biology are

cell

the __ is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism

Compound

_____ is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio (H20)

isotopes

______ are two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons

ionic

a __ bond is an attraction between an anion and a cation

ionic compounds are formed from ionic bonds

products

the final molecules of a chemical reaction are called

adhesion

An attraction between different substances, for example between water and plant cell walls

1 calories/g/celcius

specific heat of water is

basic

pH greater than 7

organic compounds

carbon containing compounds are

Tetrahedral, 109.5

when carbon bonds with four molecules of hydrogen, the resulting molecule has a ___ geometry and bond angles of ___

hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

New properties

___________ emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy

DNA, RNA, protein

central dogma: _____ is transcribed into _____ then translated into a _______

water

the medium of life is

water:

appears to be unique to our earth, covers 3/4 of its surface, constitutes 60-70% weight of the living world, regenerates and is redistributed through evaporation

ESSENTIAL to life

absorbs, releases

water ____ heat from warmer air and ____ stored heat to cooler air

absorbed

heat is ______ when hydrogen bonds break

dense

ice is less ____ than liquid because hydrogen bonds are more ordered

ester linkage

three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by ______ creating a triacylglycerol

nucleotides

monomers of nucleic acids that are linked together to build a polynucleotides

a eukaryotic cell

__________ has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest is usually the nucleus

plants, animals, fungi,

a prokaryotic cell

_______ is simpler and smaller than the eukaryotic and doesn't contain a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles

bacteria and archaea

chromosomes

______ contain most of a cells genetic material in the form of DNA

DNA

________ is the substance of genes

genes

______ are the units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring

chromosome

each ____ has one long DNA molecule with hundreds of thousands of genes

DNA

controls the development and maintenance of organisms, is inherited by offspring from parents, each molecule is made up of 2 long chains arranged in a double helix

nucleotides

chemical building blocks of DNA

organisms

_____ are composed of matter

matter

_______ is anything that takes up space and has mass

element

an _____ is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

25 of the 92

about __________ elements are essential to life

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

______ make up 96% of living matter

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur

remaining 4% of matter

atoms

an elements properties depend on the structure of its _______

atom

a __ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is an element's ______

mass number

the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus is an element's ______

radioactive isotopes

_________ decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy (unstable, often used in biological research for dating fossils, diagnosing medical disorders, etc)

energy

the capacity to cause change is ______

electrons, potential energy

the ________ of an atom differ in their amounts of ______

energy level/electron shell

an electron's state of potential energy is called its _____

valence electrons

______ are those in the outermost shell/valence shell, mostly determine the chemical behavior of an atom, atoms with full valence shells are chemically inert

a covalent bond

is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms - shared electrons count as part of each atoms valence shell

a molecule

consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

single covalent bond

is the sharing of one pair of valence electrons

double covalent bond

is the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

Electronegativity

is an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond (oxygen)

nonpolar

in a ______ covalent bond the atoms share the electron equally

polar

in a ____ covalent bond one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

unequal sharing of electrons

______ causes a partial positive or negative charge for each atom or molecule

ion

_____ charged atom (or molecule)

anion is negatively charged

cation is positively charged

hydrogen bonds

forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom; usually oxygen/nitrogen

chemical reactions

are the making and breaking of chemical bonds

reactants

the starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called

photosynthesis

is an important chemical reaction; sunlight powers the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen

chemical equilibrium

______ is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

104.5

the bond angle of a water molecule is

electronegative

oxygen is ______ it attracts electrons

liquid

fragile disorganized hydrogen bonds, constantly reforming

solid

organized hydrogen bonds, crystal is less dense than liquid and more spacious which is why ice floats

gas

single molecules liberated from others by the addition of energy

cohesion

hydrogen bonds holding water molecules together is called__, which is responsible for the transport of water against gravity in plants

surface tension

a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

calorie

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

released

Heat is _____ when hydrogen bonds form

evaporative cooling

As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools _______

4 celcius

the temperature at which water reaches its greatest density

solution

= solute + solvent

versatile solvent

water is a _____ due to its polarity, which allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily

hydration shell

When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a

hydrophobic substance

does not have an affinity for water (hydrocarbon) (oil, non polar)

hydrophilic substance

one that has an affinity for water

Equilibrium

water is in a state of dynamic ___ where water molecules dissociate at the same rate which they are being reformed

10^-14

In any aqueous solution at 25°C the product of H+ (hydronium ions) and OH- (hydroxide ions) is constant and can be written: [H+][OH-] = __

H+ is 10-7

in a neutral aqueous solution (ph)

acidic

pH less than 7

carbon

the backbone of life is

4

carbon bonds to ____ other atoms

6 electrons, 2, 4 (valence)

carbon has ____ electrons, __ in first shell, and _____ in second shell

tetravalence

what makes carbon so versatile

trigonal planar, 120

hybrid orbitals of double bonds create a molecule with a ___ geometry and a bond angle of ___

electron configuration

the ____ of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements

hydrocarbons

molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen, nonpolar, oil, insoluble in water

structural isomers

____ have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

geometric isomers

have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements (cis and trans)

enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

polymer

a __ occurs from dehydration synthesis when two monomers bond together through the loss of water

Hydrolysis

polymers are dissasembled to monomers by ___ which is essentially the reverse of dehydration synthesis

enzymes

macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process

carbohydrates

what includes sugar and the polymers of sugars

monosaccharides

the simplest carbohydrates (simple sugars)

Polysaccharides

carbohydrate macromolecules, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks (monosaccharides)

glucose (C6H12O6)

most common monosaccharide

linear or ring

monosaccharides structures can be