Biology Diversity of Life Exam 4 pt. 1 skin bones circulation

anatomy

describes physical parts of an organism

physiology

describes the way in which those parts work, alone and in combination

Levels of organisms organization from smallest to largest

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

tissues

groups of cells performing some specific function

organs

groups of tissues performing one specific function

organ systems

groups of organs performing some specific function

4 main types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

most organs are a combination of ______ or more tissues

two

epithelial tissue

serves as covering or lining of various body parts, involved in both absorption of material and secretion of material

squamous cells

flat, found in areas where diffusion is important

cuboidal cells

cubes, into,ved in secretion and absorption

columnar cells

rectangular, used or secretion and absorption

cells can vary in ________

shape

tissues can vary in __________

number of layers

simple epithelium has ___ layer

one

stratified epithelium has _________ layers

two or more, can be different cell types

connective tissue

perform a variety of functions

connective tissue consists of two components

living cells scattered in a non-living matrix secreted by cells

examples of connective tissue

bones, cartilage, adipose, blood, ligaments, tendons

nervous tissue

composed of special cells called neurons that carry electrical impulses, receive stimuli and cause other tissues to organs to respond

three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Integumentary system

skin, barrier to injury or evasion by other organisms, very large sensory organ, production of body covering (hair), production of various substances, body cooling

epidermis

outermost layer of skin- living epithelial cells towards interior, outer layer of dead cells

dermis

middle layer of skin, contains primarily connective tissue, plus nerves, blood vessels, muscles, sensory organs

hair and gland appear to come from the dermis region but are actually inholdings of the __________

epidermis

hypodermis/subcutaneous

inner layer of skin, mostly a layer of adipose tissue; fusion underlying organs, heat retention

11 organ systems of the human body

integutemary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

2 primary skin glands in humans

sweat glands, sebaceous

2 types of sweat glands

eccrine, apocrine

eccrine glands

sweat glands occur over most of body, release a clear fluid, mostly water with dissolved salts

apocrine glands

sweat glands found mostly in groin, armpits, face, release more viscous and odor-causing fluid

sebaceous gland

release a thicker, oily/waxy fluid called sebum; helps lubricate hair follicles

skeletal system

protection for internal organs, attachment points for muscles

hydrostatic skeleton

body is a fluid filled bag under pressure which animal can push against, ex: roundworm, earthworm

axial skeleton

consists of bones along the midline of the body; includes skull, spinal column, ribcage, sternum

appendicular skeleton

includes arm bones, leg bones, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle; everything the axial skeleton does not consist of

3 components of skeleton

bones, cartilage, ligaments

bones

the hardest part of the skeleton

cartilage

more flexible than bone

ligaments

a type of connective tissue linking two bones

tendons link blank to blank

muscles, bones

within the spongy bone of long and flat bones is ___ marrow

red, involved in the production of red blood cells

within the shaft region or long bones is _______ marrow

yellow, mostly fat storage, can be converted to red marrow in emergencies

osteocytes

living cells in bones, found within lucanae

osteons

how osteocytes are arranged, Haversian system

joints

occur where two bones come into contact and can move relative to each other

ligaments ____ bones

link

structural joints

focuses on material bind the joint together; fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

fibrous joints

sutures, only found in the bones of the skull, short connective tissue fibers that are continuous with the periosteum; eventually the junctions ossify and become synostoses

cartilaginous joints

fibrocartilage unites the bones, limited movement at these joints, designed for strength with flexibility

synovial joints

articulating bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, permits freedom of movement, most joints of the body are this type

three basic types of movements allowed by synovial joints

gliding, angular movements, rotation

gliding movements

occur when flat or nearly flat bones surfaces slip over another, no appreciable angulation or rotation

flexion

decreasing the angle between two articulating bones

extension

opposite of flexion, increasing the angle between two articulating bones

hyperextension

going beyond anatomical position

abduction

moving something away from midline along the frontal plane

adduction

moving something towards the midline along the frontal plane

circumduction

combination movement, circle

rotation

turning of a bone along its own longitudinal axis

functions of the cardiovascular system

transportation of materials throughout body, maintenance of fluid balance, protection against invading organisms

open circulatory systems

allow circulatory fluid to empty out of vessels

closed circulatory systems

keep circulatory fluid inside vessels at all times

components of the cardiovascular system

blood, blood vessels, heart

blood

connective tissue which transports material

blood vessels

tubes of various size which contain blood

heart

muscular pumping organ

plasma

watery fluid that forms matrix of blood, normally about 55% of blood by volume, pH of 7.4

albumin

major protein types; transports lipids, calcum, some wastes

globulins

major protein types, transport lipids and can act as antibodies

fibrinogens

major protein types; assist in blood clotting

formed elements

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, lack a nucleus and organelles, possess a biconcave shape

hemoglobin

binds oxygen and carbon dioxide, present in RBCs

plasma makes up ____ of blood

55%

erythrocytes makes up ___ of blood

45%

Type A blood

erythrocytes with this type surface antigens and plasma with anti-B antibodies

Type B

erythrocytes with this type surface antigens and plasma with anti-A antibodies

Type AB

erythrocytes with this type surface antigens and plasma with neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Type O

erythocytes. with this type do not surface antigens with type A or B but plasma with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

white blood cells

primarily involved in the immune response

platelets

cell fragments and assist in the clotting process

haemopoiesis

production of blood cells and platelets

arteries

carry blood away from the heart, no exchanges of gases or nutrients occurs between arteries and rest of body, have thick muscle and connective tissue layers

capillaries

very thin, with only a single layer of tissue, site of exchange with other tissues, itty bitty blood vessels in skin -Caleb

veins

carry blood back to the heart, muscle and connective tissue layers usually thinner than in arteries

The Heart

Muscular pumping organs whose structures differ among animals. In invertebrates, it may often be simply a muscular swelling or a main blood vessel.

Fish

Have a 2 chambered heart

Amphibian

Has a 3 chambered heart

Mammal

has a 4 chambered heart

Atrium

The chamber that receives blood from the lungs and the body. All terrestrial vertebrates have 2 atria, one getting blood from the lungs and one from the rest of the body.

Ventricle

Chamber that pumps blood out to the lungs or the body. The chamber that pumps blood to the rest of the body has thicker walls than the the one that pumps blood to the lungs.

Atrioventricular Valve (AV Valve)

Separates the the atrium and the ventricle via one-way valves to prevent back flow.

Right Atrium

receives blood from the body, mainly through the inferior and superior vena cava.

right ventricle

pumps blood to lungs through the pulmonary artery

left atrium

gets blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

left ventricle

pumps blood to the body via the aorta

pacemaker cells

cardiac muscles in the heart that can spontaneously generate their own signal

the basic beat of the heart forms _______ direct involvement of a nerve signal

without

step 1 of electrical signaling in heart

main pacemaker region (sinoatrial node) generates a signal

step 2 of electrical signaling in heart

signal sweeps through both atria and reaches a second pacemaker region the antrioventricular