Studied by 6 peopleanatomy
describes physical parts of an organism
physiology
describes the way in which those parts work, alone and in combination
Levels of organisms organization from smallest to largest
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
tissues
groups of cells performing some specific function
organs
groups of tissues performing one specific function
organ systems
groups of organs performing some specific function
4 main types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
most organs are a combination of ______ or more tissues
two
epithelial tissue
serves as covering or lining of various body parts, involved in both absorption of material and secretion of material
squamous cells
flat, found in areas where diffusion is important
cuboidal cells
cubes, into,ved in secretion and absorption
columnar cells
rectangular, used or secretion and absorption
cells can vary in ________
shape
tissues can vary in __________
number of layers
simple epithelium has ___ layer
one
stratified epithelium has _________ layers
two or more, can be different cell types
connective tissue
perform a variety of functions
connective tissue consists of two components
living cells scattered in a non-living matrix secreted by cells
examples of connective tissue
bones, cartilage, adipose, blood, ligaments, tendons
nervous tissue
composed of special cells called neurons that carry electrical impulses, receive stimuli and cause other tissues to organs to respond
three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Integumentary system
skin, barrier to injury or evasion by other organisms, very large sensory organ, production of body covering (hair), production of various substances, body cooling
epidermis
outermost layer of skin- living epithelial cells towards interior, outer layer of dead cells
dermis
middle layer of skin, contains primarily connective tissue, plus nerves, blood vessels, muscles, sensory organs
hair and gland appear to come from the dermis region but are actually inholdings of the __________
epidermis
hypodermis/subcutaneous
inner layer of skin, mostly a layer of adipose tissue; fusion underlying organs, heat retention
11 organ systems of the human body
integutemary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
2 primary skin glands in humans
sweat glands, sebaceous
2 types of sweat glands
eccrine, apocrine
eccrine glands
sweat glands occur over most of body, release a clear fluid, mostly water with dissolved salts
apocrine glands
sweat glands found mostly in groin, armpits, face, release more viscous and odor-causing fluid
sebaceous gland
release a thicker, oily/waxy fluid called sebum; helps lubricate hair follicles
skeletal system
protection for internal organs, attachment points for muscles
hydrostatic skeleton
body is a fluid filled bag under pressure which animal can push against, ex: roundworm, earthworm
axial skeleton
consists of bones along the midline of the body; includes skull, spinal column, ribcage, sternum
appendicular skeleton
includes arm bones, leg bones, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle; everything the axial skeleton does not consist of
3 components of skeleton
bones, cartilage, ligaments
bones
the hardest part of the skeleton
cartilage
more flexible than bone
ligaments
a type of connective tissue linking two bones
tendons link blank to blank
muscles, bones
within the spongy bone of long and flat bones is ___ marrow
red, involved in the production of red blood cells
within the shaft region or long bones is _______ marrow
yellow, mostly fat storage, can be converted to red marrow in emergencies
osteocytes
living cells in bones, found within lucanae
osteons
how osteocytes are arranged, Haversian system
joints
occur where two bones come into contact and can move relative to each other
ligaments ____ bones
link
structural joints
focuses on material bind the joint together; fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
fibrous joints
sutures, only found in the bones of the skull, short connective tissue fibers that are continuous with the periosteum; eventually the junctions ossify and become synostoses
cartilaginous joints
fibrocartilage unites the bones, limited movement at these joints, designed for strength with flexibility
synovial joints
articulating bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, permits freedom of movement, most joints of the body are this type
three basic types of movements allowed by synovial joints
gliding, angular movements, rotation
gliding movements
occur when flat or nearly flat bones surfaces slip over another, no appreciable angulation or rotation
flexion
decreasing the angle between two articulating bones
extension
opposite of flexion, increasing the angle between two articulating bones
hyperextension
going beyond anatomical position
abduction
moving something away from midline along the frontal plane
adduction
moving something towards the midline along the frontal plane
circumduction
combination movement, circle
rotation
turning of a bone along its own longitudinal axis
functions of the cardiovascular system
transportation of materials throughout body, maintenance of fluid balance, protection against invading organisms
open circulatory systems
allow circulatory fluid to empty out of vessels
closed circulatory systems
keep circulatory fluid inside vessels at all times
components of the cardiovascular system
blood, blood vessels, heart
blood
connective tissue which transports material
blood vessels
tubes of various size which contain blood
heart
muscular pumping organ
plasma
watery fluid that forms matrix of blood, normally about 55% of blood by volume, pH of 7.4
albumin
major protein types; transports lipids, calcum, some wastes
globulins
major protein types, transport lipids and can act as antibodies
fibrinogens
major protein types; assist in blood clotting
formed elements
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, lack a nucleus and organelles, possess a biconcave shape
hemoglobin
binds oxygen and carbon dioxide, present in RBCs
plasma makes up ____ of blood
55%
erythrocytes makes up ___ of blood
45%
Type A blood
erythrocytes with this type surface antigens and plasma with anti-B antibodies
Type B
erythrocytes with this type surface antigens and plasma with anti-A antibodies
Type AB
erythrocytes with this type surface antigens and plasma with neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
Type O
erythocytes. with this type do not surface antigens with type A or B but plasma with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
white blood cells
primarily involved in the immune response
platelets
cell fragments and assist in the clotting process
haemopoiesis
production of blood cells and platelets
arteries
carry blood away from the heart, no exchanges of gases or nutrients occurs between arteries and rest of body, have thick muscle and connective tissue layers
capillaries
very thin, with only a single layer of tissue, site of exchange with other tissues, itty bitty blood vessels in skin -Caleb
veins
carry blood back to the heart, muscle and connective tissue layers usually thinner than in arteries
The Heart
Muscular pumping organs whose structures differ among animals. In invertebrates, it may often be simply a muscular swelling or a main blood vessel.
Fish
Have a 2 chambered heart
Amphibian
Has a 3 chambered heart
Mammal
has a 4 chambered heart
Atrium
The chamber that receives blood from the lungs and the body. All terrestrial vertebrates have 2 atria, one getting blood from the lungs and one from the rest of the body.
Ventricle
Chamber that pumps blood out to the lungs or the body. The chamber that pumps blood to the rest of the body has thicker walls than the the one that pumps blood to the lungs.
Atrioventricular Valve (AV Valve)
Separates the the atrium and the ventricle via one-way valves to prevent back flow.
Right Atrium
receives blood from the body, mainly through the inferior and superior vena cava.
right ventricle
pumps blood to lungs through the pulmonary artery
left atrium
gets blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins
left ventricle
pumps blood to the body via the aorta
pacemaker cells
cardiac muscles in the heart that can spontaneously generate their own signal
the basic beat of the heart forms _______ direct involvement of a nerve signal
without
step 1 of electrical signaling in heart
main pacemaker region (sinoatrial node) generates a signal
step 2 of electrical signaling in heart
signal sweeps through both atria and reaches a second pacemaker region the antrioventricular
Note
Flashcard