Neuro Exam 3- Chapter 8: Cerebral Function

Brodmann areas (BA)

Divides brain into 52 areas based on:

- Brain's gross anatomy

- Cellular structure of brain

Prefrontal Cortex function

involved with cognition (executive control), personality, decision making, and social behavior

Disorders/Damage to Prefrontal Cortex

Depressive

- Apathy, abulia, akinesia, perseveration, mutism, depression, hyposexuality

Manic

- Explosive, environmental dependancy, distractibility, impersistance, confabulation, mania, hypersexuality

Broca's Area occupies BA

44 and 45

Broca's area is found on

third frontal convolution (i.e., inferior frontal gyrus

Broca's area functions

involved in interpretation of language (syntax) and planning/programming of verbal responses; involved in coordination of speech organs for language production

Disorders with Broca's Area

Impairment to this area may lead to Broca's aphasia or apraxia of speech

Premotor cortex function

Involved in selecting and planning of motor movements

Supplementary motor area (SMA) function

involved in sequencing and "turning on" motor plans

Primary Motor Cortex Function

Sends motor plans developed in BA 6 to the muscles for them to act (e.g., speech muscles)

Primary Sensory Cortex (somatosensory cortex)

Processes somatosensory information such as:

Vibration

Proprioception

Touch

Astereognosis

Asterogenesis

can't ID a 3D object by touch

Somatosensory Association Cortex

- Interprets sensory experience during motor movements

- Sensory experience used to refine motor action

- Involved in the fine movements associated with speech

- Plays role in writing sensory & motor experience

Angular Gyrus

Involved in reading and math abilities

Damage to angular gyrus can lead to

alexia (difficulty reading) and acalculia (difficulty with math)

supramarginal gyrus is closely related to the

angular gyrus

Supramarginal Gyrus function

Involved in phonological system; stores auditory representations of phonemes (auditory images)

Helps us sound out words

Damage to Supramarginal Gyrus can result in

phonological dyslexia, difficulty reading new and nonwords

Occipital Lobe is where information from eyes is ______ and _______

received and processed

Two streams of vision

dorsal and ventral

dorsal stream

the where of vision; analyzes motion and spatial relationships

ventral stream

the what of vision; analyzes forms, colors, and faces

damage to occipital lobe

Simultanagnosia: cant put parts of visual scene together

Proposopagnosia: can't recognize familiar faces

Micro/macropsia: things look abnormally small/large

Inferior Temporal Area function

Involved in processing of auditory and language information as well as reading facial emotions

May play a role in hallucinations

Parahippocampal gyrus location

Located on medial surface of temporal lobe

hippocampus

associated with declarative memory

Entorhinal cortex

major input/output relay between the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus

fusiform gyrus

a.k.a., occipitotemporal gyrus

Important in remembering and naming seen objects

Functions as a visual lexicon

lesions of fusiform gyrus can cause

anomia and lexical agraphia

Primary Olfactory Cortex

Receives and processes olfactory (smell) sensory information from the nose via the olfactory bulbs

Has connections to the limbic system (emotional processing system), which explains why smells can evoke emotions and emotional memories

auditory cortex

a.k.a., Heschl's gyrus

Initial cortical region that receives auditory information from the ears via CN VIII and the auditory pathway

Processes sound intensity and frequency

auditory cortex is _______ organized

tonotopically

Wernicke's area function

involved in attaching meaning to auditory information

Damage to Wernicke's area

Damage can result in Wernicke's aphasia, characterized by verbal jargon and a lack of understanding others' speech

Cingulate Cortex name means

"band that encircles"

Cingulate Cortex is sandwiched between

corpus callosum and frontal and parietal lobes

Cingulate Cortex is part of the ______ ______ and has connections to the _________ _______ and _______

limbic system; prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

Cingulate Cortex Anterior Parts functions

cognitive control, detecting errors, detecting conflicts, and problem solving

Cingulate Cortex Posterior Parts functions

autobiographical memory, managing risky behavior, emotional processing

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

filters out irrelevant information

Posterior Cingulate Cortex

detecting important information

Insular Cortex Location

Located deep in the lateral sulcus

Insular Cortex Function

Clinical data suggests role in language

Perhaps plays role in lexical decision making

May be involved in some cases of global aphasia

Insular Cortex Function

Insular Cortex Function