Unit 4 AP Psych Review

Classical Conditioning

Using a neutral stimulus paired with a stimulus that causes an effect to teach/show something

Ivan Pavlov

Psychologist who studied classical conditioning and used it on dogs as an experiment

Unconditioned Stimulus

Causes an effect without any previous learning on the subject

Unconditioned Response

Causes a response naturally without any previous conditioning on the subject

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus that does not cause a reaction, can be used to condition

Conditioned Stimulus

Neutral Stimulus associated with a response over time

Conditioned Response

Learned response that occurs from a conditioned stimulus

Associative Learning

Learning that associates two or more things together

Acquisition

Starting stage of learning something

Extinction

When a learned behavior goes away

Spontaneous Recovery

Learned behavior occurs again when a stimulus appears

Stimulus Generalization

Generalized behavior from one stimulus to another

Stimulus Discrimination

Differentiating two stimuli and having different behaviors

Little Albert Experiment

Applying classical conditioning to humans for the first time and documenting it

Operant Conditioning

Conditioning that includes a rewards and punishments system

EL Thorndike and BF Skinner

Founders of Operant Conditioning

EL Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Rewarded behavior is more likely to be repeated

BF Skinner’s Shaping

Successfully reinforcing behavior

Reinforcement

Strengthening behavior, usually with rewards

Primary Reinforcers

Necessary for survival

Secondary Reinforcers

Not necessary for survival

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something pleasant after a behavior

Negative Reinforcement

Taking away something unpleasant after a behavior

Punishments

Reinforcement trying to stop behavior

Positive Punishment

Adding something unpleasant after a behavior

Negative Punishment

Taking something pleasant away after a behavior

Continuous Reinforcement

Rewarding a behavior every time it is done

Intermittent Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior after a random amount of times or time

Ratio Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior after x amount of times

Interval Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior after x period of time

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior after x amount of times every time

Variable Ratio Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior after a random amount of times every time

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior after a specific amount of time every time

Variable Interval Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior after a random period of time every time

Cognitive Map

Making a mental map of something

Latent Learning

Learning not being “useful” until it is applied

Insight Learning

Realizing the solution to a problem

Learned Helplessness

Learning to give up when feeling lost

Instinctual Drift

Reverting back to instinctual behavior

Premack Principle

Getting over unpleasant things to enjoy pleasant things

Biological Preparedness

Inherent instincts to prepare ourselves

Habituation

Getting used to stimuli as they repeat