muscular system TEST

acetylcholine

the neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction, will be released into the synapse

contract

movement of the body occurs because muscles ___ or shorten, pulling on tendons which pull on bones

cardiac

skeletal

smooth

3 types of muscle tissue

cardiac

skeletal

smooth

myosin head

attaches to the binding site on actin

myocardium

muscular heart tissue

muscle fiber

a muscle cell is a __

skeletal

type of muscle that is voluntary, striated, attached to bone

epimysium

connective tissue sorrounding muscle

perimysium

connective tissue surrounding fascicle

endomysium

connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber

origin

muscle attachment to immovable bone

insertion

skeletal muscle attachment to movable bone

pairs

because muscles can only pull when they contract, they often work in ___

agonist

biceps is the prime mover or ___

antagonist

triceps is the __

cell membrane

what is sarcolemma

sarcoplasmic reticulum

where are the ions stored in muscle cells

largest to smallest

muscle fiber

myofilaments

myofibrils

move substance

generate heat

produce movement

maintain posture

4 major functions of muscles:

MGPM

Facial Expressions

Manipulation

Locomotion

examples of movement produced by muscular system FML

stabilize joints

hold body upright against gravity

maintain balance

maintaining posture involves:

SHM

heat

by product of muscle activity that helps maintain body temp

Transport blood in body and Food in digestion

examples of muscular system’s ability to move substances from one part of the body to antoher

ACh

neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contractions

ACh released

occurs when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal

sodium and potassium

ions responsible maintaining the resting state of a muscle

resting potential

high concentration of Na+ outside of the cell and a high concentration of K+ inside the the cell with an overall net positive charge outside the cell relative to inside

sarcolemma

once generated, the action potential continues over the entire surface of the ____ and results in contraction of the muscle cell

contraction

once generated, the action potential continues over the entire surface of the sarcolemma and results in ____ of the muscle cell

ATP

provides the energy to release and reset each myosin head so it’s ready to aRach to the next site

1

steps

Nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal

2

step

ACh is released into the synapse

3

step

calcium ions are released

4

step

myosin heads bind to actin

5

step

the sarcomere shortens

fused tetanus

successive contractions are added together to produce a smooth, sustained contraction

sodium-potassium pump

restores the resting state of the muscle membrane

all or none law

if a muscle is stimulated, it will never contract fully; it will never partially contract

forcefully contracts a muscle

the number of muscle cells that are stimulated

oxygen debt

primary cause of muscle fatigue

isotonic contractions

occur when the muscle shortens and movement occurs

isometric contraction

occurs when the muscles do not shorten; no movement occurs

muscle tone

State of continuous partial contractions that leads to firm, healthy muscles that are constantly ready for action

aerobic exercise

increase strength, endurance, flexibility

regular exercise

increases muscle size, strength, and endurance

atrophy

muscles that are not used regularly will waste away or __

resistance training

the muscle enlarges when new contractile filaments are made

gross reflex movement

which type of muscle movement develops first in infant

decreases with age

changes that occur in the muscular system of elderly people in the amount of muscle mass and muscle issue ___

cramps

result from overuse, dehydration, or muscle strain

muscle fibers are torn

describe the damage that occurs in a muscle strain, pull or tear

nerve damage

paralysis or the inability to move a muscle, results from ___

muscular dystrophy

group of inherited disorders which leads to progressively weaker muscles

calcium ions

• released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

• are reabsorbed into sarcoplasmic reticulum

• triggers binding site of myosin x actin

irritability

ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

skeletal muscle

primary function is to produce movement: locomotion and manipulation

actin

contains myosin binding sites that are covered by regulatory proteins until calcium ions are present

cardiac

also responsible for transporting blood

motor unit

one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates

smooth muscle

responsible for transporting substances like blood or food from one part of the body to another

action potential

electrical current generated by “upset” or charge in charge across the muscle cell membrane

contractility

ability to shorten

myosin

thick purple filament

actin

thin light green filament

synapse

space between two structures of the neuromuscular junction

negative

when a membrane charge is reversed or “upset”

what is the net charge OUTSIDE of the cell

positive

when a membrane is a rest

what is the net charge on the OUTSIDE of the cell

Acetylcholine

If enough ___ is released, the sarcolemma becomes temporarily permeable to Na+ and K+

Neuromuscular Junction

The _____ is where the axon terminal of a neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle cell meet

Negative

when a membrane is a rest,

what is the net charge on the INSIDE of the cell

Positive

when a membrane is a rest, what is the net charge on the outside of the cell

neurotransmitter

which of the following diffuses across the synapse

crossbridge

attachment of a myosin head on actin’s binding site

Sliding Filament Theory

states that the sarcomere shortens when thin and thicc filaments slide past each other

calcium

which of the following is required to move a regulatory protein out of actins binding site

positive

when a membrane is reversed or “upset”

what is the net charge on the INSIDE of the cell

synaptic cleft

Acetylcholine diffuses across the ___ to bind with receptors on the sarcolemma

acetylcholinesterase

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine to prevent further contraction of muscle cell

sarcolemma

Ach crosses synapse & binds to receptors on ____

sarcoplasmic reticulum

• Calcium is stored in the ___ before the action potential stimulates its release

ATP

____ is required each time a crossbridge attaches and detaches

fascicle

bundle of muscle fiber

sarcomere

• Functional unit of muscle fibers; made of actin & myosin

Sarcomere

as myosin attach and detach, the actin filaments are pulled toward the center of ____

tendon

• Composed of fibrous connective tissue

• Attach muscle to bone

Temporalis

Buccinator

Frontalis

Zygomaticus

masseter

depressor anguli oris

deltoideus

biceps brachii

serratus anterior

rectus abdominis

pectoralis major

external obliques

rectus femoris

vastus lateralis

vastus medialis

sternocleidomastoid

sartorius

tibialis anterior

gastrocnemius

trapezius

triceps brachii

latissimus dorsi

gluteus maximus