Sociology Exam 2

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101 Terms

1

culture

the entire way of life of a group of people that acts as a lens through which one views the world

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2

ethnocentrism

the belief that our culture is the "normal" one

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3

cultural relativism

seeing each culture as simply different rather than worse or wrong

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4

material culture

any physical object to which we give social meaning (art, artifacts, tools, weapons, etc.)

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5

nonmaterial culture

signs, gestures, language

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6

Sapir-Wharf Hypothesis

language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language

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7

values

set of shared beliefs that a group considers worthwhile and desirable

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8

norms

rules regarding what behavior is acceptable

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9

folkways

loosely enforced norms that involve common customs and ensure smooth social interaction and acceptance

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10

mores

norm that carries greater moral significance - is closely related to the core values of a group and often involves severe repercussions for violations

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11

sanctions

positive or negative reactions to the ways people follow/disobey norms

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12

social control

the formal/informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus increase social cohesion

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13

dominant culture

refers to the values, norms, and practices of the group within society that is most powerful in terms of wealth, prestige, status, and influence

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14

subculture

a group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive value, norms, and lifestyle

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15

counterculture

a group within society that openly rejects and may actively oppose society's values and norms

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16

cultural diffusion

dissemination of material and nonmaterial culture from one group to another

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17

cultural leveling

process by which cultures that were once unique and distinct become increasingly similar

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18

nature vs. nurture debate

ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits

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19

socialization

process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group by which we have become functioning members of society

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20

feral children

children who have had little human contact and may nave lived in social isolation from a young age

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21

self

our personal identity which is separate and different from all other people

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22

looking-glass self

refers to the notion that self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us

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23

Mead

believed that the self develops through several stages

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24

preparatory stage

up until age 3 - mimicking stage

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25

play stage

3-6 years old - taking on roles

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26

game stage

6-8 years old - take on generalized other

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27

particular/significant other

perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes

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generalized other

perspectives and expectations of a network of others that children learn and then take into account when shaping their own behavior

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29

Thomas theorem

formulation of the way individuals determine reality "if people define situations as real, they are really their consequences"

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30

definition of the situation

an agreement with other about "what is going on" in a given circumstance

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31

expressions given

expressions that are intentional and usually verbal

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32

expressions given off

intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal

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33

impression management

effort to control the impressions we make on others so they form a desired view of us

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34

dramaturgy

social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theater

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35

front

setting or scene of performance that helps us establish meaning

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36

region

context of performance; location, decor, props

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37

personal front

performance tactics we use - our appearance, manner, style of dress, gender, race, age

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38

backstage

where we prepare or rehearse for our performance/interaction

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39

frontstage

where we play a particular role and perform for an "audience" of others

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40

hidden curriculum

children are often taught about the values and norms of society without it being explicitly part of the curriculum

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41

agents of socialization

family, schools, peers, the media

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42

role

set of behaviors expected from someone because of their status

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43

role conflict

experienced when we occupy 2 or more roles with contradictory expectations

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44

role strain

experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role

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45

role exit

process of leaving a role we will no longer occupy

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46

emotion work

how we live up to feeling rules - how you actually demonstrate feelings

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47

feeling rules

rules about how you're supposed to feel in certain situations

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48

agency

ability of individual to act freely and independently

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49

group

collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other

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50

crowd

temporary gathering of people in a public place - may interact with each other but don't identify with one another and don't remain in contact

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51

primary group

involve the greatest amount of face-to-face interaction and cooperation and the deepest feelings of belonging (family and friends)

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52

secondary group

usually organized around a specific activity or the accomplishment of a task

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53

social network

web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people

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54

direct ties

ties directly to another person

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55

indirect ties

ties you have to someone through another person

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56

anomie

"normlessness" alienation and loss of purpose - weaker social bonds

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57

group dynamics

patterns of interactions between groups and individuals

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58

in-group

group that one identifies with and feels loyalty towards

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59

out-group

group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility towards

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60

reference group

group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves

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61

group cohesion

sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel towards a group to which they belong

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62

groupthink

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement

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63

social influence

influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors (peer pressure)

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64

social loafing

phenomenon in which each individual contributes a little less as more individuals are added to the task

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65

coercive power

backed by the threat of force

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66

influential power

supported by persuasion

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67

traditional authority

based in custom, birthright, or divine right

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68

legal-rational authority

based in laws, rules, and procedures

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69

charismatic authority

based in perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader

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70

bureaucracy

type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, and formal written communication

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71

predictability, calculability, control, efficiency

4 components if bureaucracy

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72

McDonaldization

describes the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization

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73

instrumental leadership

leadership that is task or goal orientated

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74

expressive leadership

leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group

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75

deviance

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

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76

structural strain theory

social inequality can create situations in which people experience tension between society's goals and the means they have available to meet those goals

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77

innovators

those who accept society's goals but not the approved means to achieve them

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78

ritualists

given up hope of achieving society's goals but still operates according to the approved means

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79

retreatists

renounce society's goals and means and live outside conventional norms

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80

rebels

reject society's approved goals and means - create and work toward their own goals using new means

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81

primary deviance

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

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82

secondary deviance

the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

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83

tertiary deviance

when someone normalizes behavior that is widely considered deviant by labelling it as nondeviant

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84

Functionalism and Deviance

deviance serves a function in our society - clarifies moral boundaries and promotes social cohesion

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85

conflict theory and deviance

deviance is a result of social conflict - inequality is reproduced in the way deviance is defined

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86

structural strain theory

there are goals in our society that people want to achieve, but they cannot always reach those goals - creates stress because people are aware of goals but don't have the means to achieve them

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87

differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through association with deviant peers

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88

labeling theory

symbolic interactionist perspective developed by Howard Becker - states that deviance is caused by external judgements that change a person's self-concept and the way others respond to him or her

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89

self-fulfilling prophecy

inaccurate statement/belief that by altering the situation, becomes accurate - a prediction that causes itself to come true

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90

stigma

any physical or social attribute that devalues a person/group's identity - may exclude those who are devalued from normal social institutions

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91

deviance avowal

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates their own labeling process

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92

crime

a violation of a norm that has been codified into law

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93

violent crime

crime in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end (murder, rape, aggravated assault)

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94

property crime

crime that does not evolved violence (burglary, larceny, theft, arson)

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95

cybercrime

crime committed via the internet (identity theft, embezzlement, fraud, financial scams)

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96

white collar crime

crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of their occupation

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97

deterrence

approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes

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98

retribution

an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliations or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

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99

incapacitation

approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

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rehabilitation

an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty

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