APII Endocrine System

Endocrine System

System of communication, uses hormones for chemical control

Hormones

Chemicals that are secreted directly into our blood

Source Site

Where hormones are produced and sent from. Can also have hormones that spark additional hormonal production

Target Sites

Effects that we see from the hormones released and where it is received. Highly specific

Negative Feedback Loop

Occurs when a system's output acts to reduce or dampen the processes that lead to the output of that system, resulting in less output

Positive Feedback Loop

The amplification of a body’s response to a stimulus

Exocrine Glands

What gland has ducts?

Endocrine Glands

What gland does not have ducts

Exocrine Gland

What gland’s pathway for secretion is through a duct?

Endocrine Gland

What gland’s pathway for secretion is through the blood stream?

Endocrine Gland

What gland is highly vascularized?

Exocrine gland

What gland is not vascularized?

What gland has a very small range of effect?

Exocrine gland

Endocrine Gland

What gland has a very wide range of effect?

Exocrine Gland

What gland is typically very small?

Endocrine gland

What gland is typically very large?

Exocrine Gland

What gland secretes sweat, oil, mucus, tears, etc?

Endocrine Gland

What gland secretes hormones only?

Endocrine Organs

Main job is to produce a hormone; gland

Ex. Thyroid

Endocrine Tissues

Some cells produce hormones but is not the main job of that organ

Ex. Cardiac cells that produce hormones, skin

Pituitary Gland

AKA the master gland

Hangs from the infundibulum and rests in the sella turcica

Characteristics of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Originates from the roof of the mouth, made of epithelial tissue

Characteristics of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Originates from the brain, made of nervous tissue

Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth in the body, primarily bones and muscles. Can be growth in replication and aids in healing.

Helps with protein synthesis, every cell has a receptor for this

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulate thyroid gland

Adrenocorticotropic

Stimulate adrenal gland

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormones (MSH)

Stimulates melanocytes to make melanin, helps to regulate apetite

Prolactin (PRL)

Triggers breast milk production

Regulates metabolism of carbs and fats

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Helps with ovarian follicle development in ovary

Helps with sperm production

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Helps to trigger ovulation

Plays role in development of corpus lutium

Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone

Helps with production of testosterone

Plays role in sperm production

Polypeptide

The biochemical class of GH, ACTH, PRL, and MSH

Glycoprotein

The biochemical class of TSH, FSH, LH, and ICSH

Somatotrope

The producing cell type of GH

Thyrotrope

The producing cell type of TSH

Corticotrope

The producing cell type of ACTH

Melanotrope

The producing cell type of MSH

Lactotrope (Mammatrope)

The producing cell type of PRL

Gonadotrope

The producing cell type of FSH, LH, and ICSH

What does GH stand for?

Growth hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

What does TSH stand for?

What does ACTH stand for?

Adrenocorticotropic

What does MSH stand for?

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Prolactin

What does PRL stand for?

What does FSH stand for?

Follicle stimulating hormone

What does LH stand for?

Luteinizing Hormone

What does ICSH stand for?

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

Adenophypophysis

The synonymous term for anterior lobe

Neurohypophysis

The synonymous term for posterior lobe

Oxytocin (OT)

Triggers contractions of smooth muscle for childbirth

Helps with let down reflex (release of milk)

Brings feeling of love and bonding

1 of 2 produced by the POSTERIOR lobe

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Conserve and retain water

Targets bladder and kidneys

Caffeine and alcohol inhibits this

1 of 2 produced by the POSTERIOR lobe

Oligopeptide

Biochemical class of both OT and ADH

Neurons of the paraventricular nucleus

Producing cell type of OT

Supraoptic Nucleus

Producing cell type of ADH

Process of neurohypophysis hormone production

Made from the cell bodies of neurons in the hypothalamus and then moved down into posterior lobe of the pituitary gland where they are stored and released until needed

Pineal Gland

Located in the brain, roof of the third ventricle, posterior to corpus callosum

Atrophies with age, sometimes nicknamed the third eye

Melatonin (ME)

Regulates circadian rhythm/diurnal cycle

Released in higher amounts at night

Pinealocyte

The producing cell type for ME

Monoamine (Triptophan)

The biochemical class of ME

Thyroid Hormone

What does TH stand for?

Monoamine

What is the biochemical class of TH

Follicular Cells

What is the producing cell type of TH?

Functions of Thyroid Hormone

Helps regulate metabolism of various nutrients

Allows nutrients to be metabolized more efficiently

Calcitonin

What does CT stand for?

Polypeptide

What is the biochemical class of CT?

Parafollicular Cells

What is the producing cell type of Calcitonin?

Molecules that make up TH

Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) T4 90%

Triiodothyronine T3 10%

Thyromegaly

enlarged thyroid due to not enough iodine intake from diet. Also called a goiter

Parathyroid Hormone

What does PTH stand for?

Polypeptide

What is the biochemical class of PTH?

Chief cells (Principal Cells)

What is the producing cell type of PTH?

Functions of PTH

Increase blood calcium levels

Has osteoclasts release calcium from bone

Thymosin, Thymulin, Thymopoietin

What are the 3 Thymic hormones?

Polypeptide

What is the biochemical class of the thymic hormones?

Thymocytes

What is the producing cell type of thymic hormones?

Functions of thymic hormones

Stimulate production of white blood cells

Leukopoiesis

The process of making white blood cells

Function of Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Help regulate mineral levels

Increase blood sodium and decrease blood potassium

Steroid

What is the biochemical class of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Cells of the Zona Glonerulosa

What is the producing cell type of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Cortisol, Cortisone, Corticosterone

What are the 3 types of hormones that make up Glucocorticoids

Steroid

What is the biochemical class of glucocorticoids

Cells of the Zona Fasticulata

What is the producing cell type of glucocorticoids

Function of glucocorticoids

Regulates glucose level

anti inflammatory effect

plays a role in stress response

Androgens (Males), Estradiols (females)

What are the hormones that make up gonadocorticoids

Steroid

What is the biochemical class of gonadocorticoids

Cell of the zona reticularis

What is the producing cell type of gonadocorticoids

Function of the gonadocorticoids

Regulate gonades

Epinephrine

What does EP stand for?

Monoamine

What is the biochemical class of EP?

Chromaffin cells

What is the producing cell type of EP?W

Function of EP

Trigger fight or flight

Norepinephrine

What does NE stand for?

Monoamine

What is the biochemical class of NE?

Adrenergic Sympathetic Neurons

What is the producing cell type of NE?

Function of NE

Trigger fight or flight

Catecholamines

What category does NE and EP fall under?

Polypeptide

What is the biochemical class of insulin?

Beta cells (80% of population)

What is the producing cell type of insulin?

Function of insulin

Decrease blood glucose levels

Accelerates rate that glucose enter cells