HOA 1: Egyptian Architecture

Nile

- the life of Egypt
- its gentle current was favorable for navigation
- trade and commerce prospered along its banks
- important religious structures were built in strategic places along this

Post and Lintel

principle of construction in Egypt

Mud brick

was the principle building material for domestic buildings

Stone

was favored for temples and tombs

Simple design, few windows, flat roof and massive walls

effect of climate on buildings

Ankh

symbolizes life, health & strength

Feather of Ma'at

represents justice, truth, mortality and balance

Eye of Horus

symbolizes protection & royal power

Cartouche

a rope enclosing a royal name thereby serving as the protector of that name

Scepter

symbolizes power, dominion & control

Sun Disk

represents light, warmth & growth

Scarab

symbolizes resurrection & rebirth

Boat of Ra

One must have a light heart to earn a place in this

Crook & Flail

are symbols of royalty, kingship, majesty and dominion.

Crook

a scepter symbolizing government

Uraeus/ Cobra

symbolizes royal protection

Falcon

symbolizes divine kingship.
represent the unification of Upper Egypt and lower Egypt

Ibis

symbolizes reincarnation

Mummification

an outstanding feature of the religion.
"Without a physical body there is no shadow, no name, no spirit, no personality & no immortality

Temple of the gods and tomb pyramids of the kings

everlasting monuments for the preservation of the dead.

Papyrus

symbol for lower Egypt and fertility

Lotus

symbol for upper Egypt and fertility

Palm

symbol for Fertility

Columns

are indicative of plant stems gathered at the base with capitals derived from the lotus bud, papyrus flower and the palm.

geometric forms, animals, plants

three types of orientation

papyrus, lotus, palm

ornaments

Mastaba

a broad pit below ground covered with a rectangular flat mound with sides sloping at 75 degrees. It has a shaft descending to the tomb chamber that is dropped with stones for sealing

Portcullises

heavy stones that seal the chamber

Serdab

is an enclosed room containing the statue of the deceased. It has a hole that allows the communication of the spirit of the dead to the living world

Stele

an offering chapel with the name of the deceased inscribed on it

Step Pyramid of Djozer

- designed by Imhotep
- the world's first large scale monument in stone with no free-standing columns
- a series of 6 successively smaller mastabas one atop of another & originally clad in polished white limestone

Bent Pyramid of Snefru

a unique example of early pyramid. The lower part rises at a 55 degree inclination & the top section at 43 degrees

Offering chapel, mortuary temple, causeway, valley building

parts of a pyramid

Causeway

a long walkway that joins the valley temple and mortuary temple

Mortuary Temple

for the worship of the dead

Valley building

for the interment and embalmment of the dead

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

the oldest and largest of the 3 pyramids in the Giza Necropolis. It is the oldest of the 7 wonders of the Ancient World and the only one to remain largely intact

Pyramid of Chephren (Khafre)

is slightly smaller than the great pyramid of Cheops & guarded by the Sphinx believed to bear the face of the King Chephren

Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura)

the smallest & the last among the 3 pyramids to be built in the Giza Plateau

Straight Ramps

pyramid construction

Zigzag & spiral ramps

pyramid construction

Pyramid construction

was hugely labor-intensive. Stones were dragged on a prepared slipway that was lubricated with oil. It was paid labor during slow agricultural seasons

King Tutankhamun

ruled Egypt from 1333-1324 BC, ascending the throne at age nine. His mummified body within three coffins or sarcophagi

Outer Coffin

Tutankhamun's sarcophagi that is made of gilded wood covered with gold

Middle Coffin

Tutankhamun's sarcophagi that is made of wood covered with gold semiprecious stones, glass and obsidian

Inner Coffin

Tutankhamun's sarcophagi that is made of solid gold and weighs 110k

Tutankhamun's shrine

Tutankhamun's sarcophagi that is made of granite. The 4th layer of sarcophagus

Tutankhamun's Death Mask

made of solid gold and inlaid with semi-precious stones, it weighs 11 kilograms

Hatshepsut

the first woman pharoah agter Thutmose II

Thutmose III

the Napoleon of ancient Egypt. known for his military genius and built structures.

Rameses II

one of the longest ruling pharoahs of ancient Egypt for 67 years.

Cleopatra

the queen of Nile. The last pharoah of ancient Egypt. The daughter of Ptolemy XII (Greek)

Beni Hasan

an example of a Hillside Tomb with 39 ancient elaborately decorated tombs carved into the limestone cliffs.

Valley of Kings

an example of a corridor tomb. It was the royal necropolis of Ancient Egypt where kings and nobles were buried

Valley of the Queens

a place near the Valley of the Kings where wives of Pharoahs were buried in ancient times

Mortuary Temple

a type of temple that is used for the ministrations to deified pharoahs

Cult Temple

is a type of temple used for the worship of the ancient & mysterious gods

Light and shadow

important features in temples.

Pylon

[Parts of an Egyptian Temple] serves as the monumental gateway

Great Court

[Parts of an Egyptian Temple] is surrounded by columns

Hypostyle Hall

[Parts of an Egyptian Temple] a forest of columns portraying the illusion of infinity and vastness of space

Sanctuary

[Parts of an Egyptian Temple] the holiest part; it is only accessible to the kings and high preists

Enclosure wall

[Parts of an Egyptian Temple]
the large wall which surrounded the entire Pyramid Complex

Obelisk

[Parts of an Egyptian Temple] a tall 4 sided narrow tapering column terminating in a pyramidion, its most sacred part

Avenue of Sphinxes

[Parts of an Egyptian Temple]

Colossal Statues of the Pharoah

[Parts of an Egyptian Temple]

Temple od Isis, Philae

dedicated to goddess Isis, wife of osiris and mother of Horus

Batter walls

temple walls that were designed with inward inclinations

Temple of Isis

the last pagan temple to exist in the Mediterranean

Great Temple of Amun, Karnak

the grandest of all Egyptian temples & built by many kings.It has 6 pairs of pylons

Great Temple of Amun, Karnak

the most important sanctuary of the culit who worshipped Amun- Ra. A pair of obelisks flank the main entrance

Great Temple, Abu Simbel

a rock-hewn temple with 4 rock-cut colossal statues of Rameses II, over 20 meters high

Mortuary Temple of Mentuhetep

a cenotaph with a dummy burial chamber below it.

Mammisi Temple

the birth house of the gods

crude bricks of one to two storeys high with flat and parapeted roof

Domestic Architecture: Houses